menu_book Chapter 25

Section 24 of Genetic Studies of Genius, Volume 2, The Early Mental Traits of 300 Geniuses by Catherine Cox. This is LibriVox According, or LibriVox According to the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org, recorded by Leon Harvey. Chapter 18, Part 2. Alexander von Humboldt, 1769-1859.

A German naturalist and traveller. AIIQ 140 AIIQ 170 1. Family Standing Humboldt's ancestors belonged to the upper middle class, and several of them had held responsible civil or military positions.

The father, an able soldier and statesman, advisor to the Prince of Prussia, had been mentioned as a possible minister of the future king, but his death occurred before the prince's accession to the throne. The mother belonged to an ancient and noble family of Huguenot stock. She was highly educated and remarkably gifted. 2. Development to age 17 1. Interests

Humboldt early developed a taste for natural history. Flowers and plants, butterflies and beetles, shells and stones were his favourite playthings. The collecting, arranging and labelling of these treasures was carried on with so much zeal that he required the name in jest of Little Apothecary. The years of solitude on the family estate of Tegel did not make the boy happy,

but they did contribute to the development of a strong love for nature and the study of nature. Humboldt reports that until he reached the age of 16, he showed little inclination for scientific pursuits. He was restless, desired to travel, and wanted to become a sailor. His family desired that he study finance and prepare for government service. At 16, he was ascribed by Henrietta Herz,

the most beautiful and gifted woman of Berlin, as vivacious and intelligent and of distinguished manners, possessed of extensive information and in every way estimable. He had at this age begun to exhibit some gallantry and to develop talents in drawing and dancing. 2. Education According to family tradition, Humboldt learned to read and write at four years of age from his tutor,

Koblenk, later first preacher of the Lüsenkirche Berlin. From the age of four to six, Humboldt was instructed by his first tutor, and from six to eight, by Clusiner, afterward private secretary of the Princess Ferdinand. From his ninth to his nineteenth year, with his older brother, he received instruction by a number of distinguished professors and lecturers. Maturdo Cometh, later Privy Councillor and enlightened philanthropist, supervised a general course of study, which included Latin, Mathematics, Philosophy, Political Science, Philanthropy, Modern Languages, Art, Drawing, and the study of maps and books of travel.

Among the special instructors secured by their tutor were Professor Fischer, a distinguished teacher of Mathematics and the author of standard textbooks. Lofler, led a professor at the University of Frankfurt on the Ordo, also an author, and the distinguished physician and writer, Hymn, who instructed the boys in botany when Alexander was 11 years old. The boys attended lectures by distinguished professors and scholars in Berlin, and were

instructed in Hebrew by their brilliant Jewish friends. 3. Schoolstanding and Progress Humboldt did not attend any regular school until he entered the university at 18. 4.

Friends and Associates In his childhood, Alexander's inseparable companion was his elder brother, Wilhelm. Both youths had the opportunity of meeting members of the court and persons of note, who visited in their father's home. Alexander's tutors and his professors were men of wide intellectual interests and unusual distinction. When Alexander was 16, the brothers were admitted into the circle of intellectual Jews,

among them the Hurs, Witt, Bier, and Mendelssohn families, brilliant members of Berlin's intellectual society. 5. Reading The study of maps and the perusal of books of travel exercised over young Alexander a secret fascination which was at times almost irresistible. The narrative of Balboa's expedition and pictures of palms and cedars in the illustrated Bible filled him with a desire to travel. 6. Production and achievement. No specific record.

6. Evidences of precocity As a child, Humboldt was not considered extraordinary in intelligence. For owing to the weakness of his physical constitution, he could master his daily tasks only by a dint of extraordinary effort. He and his brother Wilhelm, two years his senior, were instructed together and the younger, frailer boy did not appear the equal of his older, more robust brother. Besides Alexander's compelling interests were in a field little appreciated by the associates of his childhood.

AIIQ 140 Relief Crosion of Data 0.75 3. Development from 17 to 26 Humboldt's mother early decided that her son should enter the service of the state. For this reason, political economy and mathematics became normally the principal subjects of his course. The thirst for scientific knowledge took him, after short stays at the universities of Frankfurt and Berlin,

to Gottingen, then at the height of its scientific glory. Young Humboldt judged a university entirely by the facilities offered in the sciences. At 18, Alexander commenced to study botany at Berlin, and the next year translated a Latin botanical work into French, supplying valuable footnotes. When he left for Gottingen, he carried with him an eulogistic letter of introduction from Professor Fischer, the eminent mathematician. In addition to his economics and botany, Humboldt studied archaeology and philology, and published a pamphlet on the looms of the Romans.

A 20-year tour of the Rhine country with a Dutch botanist and a year later published observations on some basalts of the Rhine. He was self-taught in geology and mineralogy. About this time Humboldt meant Forster, a man many years his senior, the son-in-law of the Göttingen Professor of Classics and Archaeology, a man of culture, well-travelled and possessed

of immense intellectual versatility. With this man, who was at once a friend and a leader, Humboldt carried out a tour of the the Rhineland and of England. At 22.5, after eight months of preparation at Freidburg, Humboldt was appointed assessor of mines for his failure. He showed wonderful power in his rapid comprehension of his profession. During his service, he published numerous papers on botany,

physics, and chemistry. He held in fairly rapid succession appointments of increasing importance in Flanconia and at Berlin. He was remarkably effective as a mine official. In one instance, he increased the output of the mines 14-fold in a few months. Moreover, he did not neglect the welfare of the miners. Of every aspect of his profession, historical, scientific, economic or social, he showed

an amazing command. At 23, he was awarded an honorary doctor's degree by the University of Prenslau for his distinguished services to science. In the course of his professional tours of inspection at home and abroad, Humboldt made observations of scientific interest.

He experimented in chemistry and physiology and worked artlessly at the flora fraebergensis. For this latter work, published when its author was 24, Humboldt received a gold medal from the Elector of Saxony. At 25, the young scientist was admitted to the intimacy of the famous Waymer Cotterie and invited to contribute to Schiller's Horn. During his four-year period of service in the Department of Mines from the age of 22 to 26, Humboldt fulfilled his duties with conspicuous ability.

He was entrusted with important diplomatic missions, which he fulfilled brilliantly. And at 26, he had risen to the highest point of his department. AII IQ 170, Relocation of Data, 0.75 Johann Kepler, 1571-1630 A celebrated German astronomer, one of the chief founders of modern astronomy.

AIIQ 140, AIIIQ 160 1. Family Standing The Kepler family, although originally noble and respected, had greatly deteriorated before the astronomer's birth. Johann's grandfather, an ardent Protestant, was a burgemeester and director of guarantees, and his grandmother came from a family of wealth and influence.

But his father, a man of unstable and uncontrolled character, intermittently engaged as soldier, innkeeper, and at one time justice of the peace, led a roving and unsettled life. The mother, daughter of a burgomaster, was a proud, cold, unsympathetic, undomestic woman who lived on the most precarious terms with the members of her family and her acquaintances.

She is said to have petted her two worthless sons and to have discriminated against Yohan. She had learned the art of healing by herbs and potions, and because of her practices, she was later accused of witchcraft. 2. Development to age 17 1. Interests Young Kepler loved gaming, but because he was afraid of losing, he gambled only with himself.

He was mystically religious and superstitious, and when he felt convicted of sin, he punished himself for his misdeeds. In his disputations with his school fellows, he showed a bent towards imaginative and paradoxical topics. At 14 he was already deeply interested in theological questions. 2. Education. Kepler's education was much interfered with, especially in the earlier years, by his duties as a pot boy in his father's tavern,

by his strenuous labours on the farm, and by his delicate health. Before he was four he almost died of smallpox. Recurring headaches and frequent weakening fevers lowered his vitality, and although from the age of 7 to 11 his schoolwork was frequently interrupted, he was able to pass the Stuttgart Regional Examination in his twelfth year.

Then for over a year, he remained at home engaged in manual service. At twelve, he entered the Protestant Monastic School at Adelberg, and remained there under the instruction of excellent teachers until he was fifteen. The course of the study included Latin, Greek, Rhetoric, Dialectic, Music, which he had begun to study late, and the New Testament in a Latin version.

Leaving Adelberg, Kepler was promoted to Molbron, a school preparatory to the University of Tübingen, and at that time directed by Schopp, a distinguished historical student and a man of determined character and high moral ideals. Here Kepler continued his earlier studies, reading Cicero, Virgil and Demos themes, and adding the study of geometry and arithmetic.

When nearly 17, the youth was examined at Tübingen, received the bachelor's degree, and returned to Mulbron for his last year. 3. School studying and progress In the elementary schools, the teachers praised Kepler for his fortunate gifts, although he was very ill-mannered. At Adelberg, he attained to remarkable proficiency in the use of Latin.

He wrote poems in the form of riddles and acrostics, and later composed pindaracodes on such subjects as the origin of rivers and Atlas's view of the clouds. In Disputations, he discussed such subjects as the literary studies of Germany as an evidence of her decadence. Kepler passed the final examination with distinction, although by the time he was terribly visited with eruptions on his hands and legs. At Mollboron, the theology teacher headed him because the boy wanted to convert him,

the teacher openly, and the other pupils invading and disliked the gifted youth for his natural ability and brilliant achievements. 4. Friends and Associates At Adelberg, Johann incurred the enmity of a number of his comrades by reporting their misdemeanors,

although this was in accordance with school regulations. As a result, the boys made life miserable for him. At Möhlbrunn, also, his fellow students envied and hated him because he surpassed them and since the younger boys were not allowed to associate with the older ones, Kepler was prevented from seeking his mental equals in classes above his own.

5. Reading Before he was 14, Kepler applied to Dubingen for a copy of Luther's Disputations of Predestination, apparently for his own study. 6. Production achievement, C2-3. 7. Evidences of precocity, no further record.

AI IQ 140, level of cultural data 0.53. 3. Development on 17 and 26. Kepler entered the University of Tubingen at 18, when he was freed from material cares by the award of a special stipend. A number of his instructors were men of real distinction,

among them Mustlin, professor of mathematics, with whom he formed a lasting and inspiring friendship and who taught him the Copernican system. So far Kepler had shown no special liking for astronomy, but chose rather the theological course and attended lectures in the arts and sciences preparatory to the master's degree. His grades in these subjects, in the three years report's extent, are all capital A's and underscore A's,

and this excellent record created jealousy between him and his fellow students. In 19, Kepler took the master's examination in one second place, whereupon he turned to the study of theology. Kepler's interpretation on Protestantism was far too liberal and rational to satisfy the theological faculty. However, Professor Haffenrefer, himself a clever man, recognized a young man's ability, especially in mathematics. In 22, Kepler reluctantly accepted the astronomical lectureship at Graz and said to work earnestly to master his subject.

One of his duties was to prepare an annual almanac, which should contain predictions of the weather and of remarkable events. As a consequence, he acquired a considerable popular reputation as a weather prophet and astrologer. At 24, he published a book which showed much astronomical knowledge and very great ingenuity. The next year, he married, but without improving his financial circumstances. Soon after, because of the religious wars, he withdrew into Hungary, and there wrote several astronomical tracts addressed to his friends.

AIIIQ 160, Relicoster Data 0.75 John Law of Lauriston, 1671-1729 A celebrated Scottish financier and projecteur of commercial schemes AIIIQ 140, AIIIQ 140 1. Family Standing

On his father's side, Law was descended from a family which held a position of considerable social rank and influence in Edinburgh. His great-great-grandfather was Archbishop of Glasgow. His father, William Law, a goldsmith carrying on business in the capital, profession more clearly allied to that of banking, as now understood, was so successful that he was able to purchase a great estate.

The mother, Jane Campbell, probably related to the Ducal House of Argyle, appears to have been a very superior woman and especially keen in financial management. 2. Development to age 17 1. Interests As an age, 13+, when the majority of children have merely mastered the preliminary stages of a branch of knowledge presenting so many difficulties,

Law was able to find the most genuine occupation in solving the most complicated problems in geometry and in comprehending the subtleties of algebraic formulae. At a time also when political economy as a science was undeveloped, Law devoted a considerable portion of his time to inquiring into the basis of national and private credit, and generally into the industries of economic phenomena that presented themselves to his observation. At a period between the ages of 13 and 21, he addicted himself to the practice of all games of chance, skill and dexterity

and was noted as a capital player at tennis. 2. Education In order to put him beyond the possible prejudicial influences of the city, his father sent him at an early age to Eagle Show, where he was placed under the care of the Reverend James Hamilton. There he received his early education in a school established by the first Presbyterian minister ordained after the Liberty.

After the death of his father, when John was 13, his mother successfully managed the education of her children. 3. School Standing and Progress, no record. 4. Friends and Associates, no record. 5. Reading, no record. 6. Production and Achievement, C2-2.

7. Evidences of Precocity, C2-2. AI IQ 140, relative coefficient of data 0.43 3. Development from 17 to 26 With an independent competence, Law, at the age of 21, felt free to show himself in society. He went to London, visited pleasure resorts, lived a dissipated life, and contracted heavy

debts which his mother was obliged to pay off. At the age of 23, he quarrelled with a rival over a lady and killed his opponent in a duel. He was condemned to death, pardoned and again condemned, and finally escaped to the continent shortly before the date of his execution. At the French court, he, aged 24, met the unhappy wife of the Earl of Banbury, who liked him so well as to pack up her ales and run away with him to Italy. They were faithful to one another and happy together.

Law did not secure employment at the French court as he had hoped. Instead, he resumed his old career of gambling, and at the same time studied banking, credit, and financial problems of all kinds. AIIQ 140 Relief Cotient of Data 0.43 Mitchell A. Quim de Montaigne 1533-1592 A Celebrated French Essayist

AIIQ 140 1. Family Sterling Montaigne's grandfather, a well-to-do fish and wine merchant, gave his sons the education of young gentlemen. Pierre, the father of Michael, mastered Spanish and German, and at 17, won a name for some Latin verses he had published. After his marriage, he became a wine seller, but his interest in letters remained, and his chateau was always open to men of learning.

It was characteristic of his democratic spirit that he chose poor peasants for his sons' godparents. The mother was a procident of Jewish blood. Her forefathers came from Spain. 2. Development to age 17 1. Interests Montaigne says of himself that he was lazy and languorous, although in good health.

The danger was not that I should do wrong, but that I should do nothing, he wrote. He robbed himself of all other pleasure in order to read, and developed a natural capacity for acting and playing with much effect the principal characters in college theatres, Latin plays. 2. Education The older Montaigne made his son the subject of an original educational experiment carried out in gentle and delicate fashion, free from all rigorous discipline. As a part of his unique method, he had the boy wakened every morning by the sound of music. Before he could speak, Michael was placed under a gentleman well-versed in Latin, and this was the only language used by his parents and the domestics in his presence until he was six.

He was taught Greek, although not very successfully, by means of a game. From the age of six to thirteen, he attended the College of Guine, at that time the most flourishing in all France, and here he came under the tuition of some of the best scholars of the day. His tutor's judicious blindness permitted him to feast surreptitiously on the books he loved, C2-6, while he was gaining only a smattering of other subjects.

At 13 he began to study of law. 3. School's Standing in Progress When at 6 he entered school, Michael's teachers found him so quick and ready with his childish Latin that they were afraid to account him. They connived at encouraging his deborge to read him, and kept only a lax hold upon him in the regular studies. Four, friends and associates, no record.

Five, reading. Montaigne's first taste for books came to him at the age of seven or eight, from the pleasure of the fables of Ovid's Metamorphosis. Then he passed to the Aeneid of Virgil, then to Terence, Pluidus, and the Italian comedies, hurled on always by the sweetness of the subjects. Six, production and achievement. No record.

Seven evidences of precocity. No further record. AI IQ 140. Reliquation of data 0.60. 3. Development from 17 to 26.

At the age of 21, Montaigne became a judge at Bordeaux, but he spent much time in Paris in unrestrained self-indulgence. At 24, he made the acquaintance of La Boeire, which developed into a most famous friendship. Montaigne was present at the siege of Théonville, and may have served under Marshal Strozier. AIIQ 140 Relief Cushed to Death.43 Tom Moore 1779-1852 An Irish Poet

AIIQ 140 AIIQ 140 1. Family Standing John Moore, Tom's father, was a grocer who gradually developed into a wine merchant and declined into a barrack master. For his paternal grandparents, the poet knew nothing. His maternal grandfather, a provision merchant and also a weaver, was always much respected by his fellow townsmen.

Tom's mother seems to have been well educated and somewhat above her husband and station. She was a very intelligent woman and a devoted parent, so anxious that her son should attain a high rank in school that she examined him daily in all his studies. Both parents were Catholics. They were fond of social pleasures. 2. Development to 817

1. Interests Music was the only art, Moore said, for which he was born with a real love, and its influence is discernible throughout the poet's early years. When about 15 he began to learn to play the piano by himself, he liked to make up tunes, he had a taste for singing too,

and this talent was frequently called into play to enliven tea parties and suppliers. His poetry seems to have sprung from the deep feelings occasioned by music. In Vacations, Tom was fond of arranging theatricals, the role of Harlequin being a favourite with him. He was also very active and took pride in performing successfully such feats as a head-foremost leap.

By the age of fourteen, he had become a determined rhymer and enjoyed writing infusions to a Miss Byrne, an old maid, who answered him in verse. He was always interested in politics. It is recorded that he found confessions irksome, and that, when he entered college, he gained his mother's consent to cease from the distasteful religious exercise.

2. Indication At a very early age, he was sent to a nearby school where, as the youngest boy in the school, he was a favourite with the master, an old, wild fellow. He next attended the grammar school of Samuel White, who had the best academy in Dublin and stood the head of his profession. Outside of school, he had lessons in Italian and French. At a very early age, 15 according to Mr. White, more entered Trinity College Dublin in order to prepare, according to his mother's plan, for the profession of the law.

3. School Stanley and Progress By all accounts, Tom was a very quick child. His schoolmaster, Mr. White, used to single him out on days of public examination as one of his most successful and popular exhibitors. In Latin, he soon had stripped the other pupils,

and was thus free to advance under the Latin utter as fast as his natural talent and application would carry him. In reading and recitation, he maintained his supremacy in the school to the last. He passed his college interest examinations with distinguished honour to himself as well as to his able and worthy preceptor. In the examinations of the first year at college, he gained a premium and a certificate. In the second year, failing to surpass his competitors in the regular course, he confined himself to such parts of the course as fell within his own tastes and pursuits.

4. Friends and Associates At Mr. White's school, he formed a long-continued intimacy with young Burrston. Only son of a very distinguished barrister who was very particular about this child's associates. Moore's teachers always took a strong fancy to him. They were invited to the house by his mother and were showered with attentions,

so that their influence extended much beyond the classroom. The Latin teacher, Paul Donovan, finding Thomas eager for politics, infused an ardent passion for Ireland's liberties. 5. Reading During the holidays preceding his entrance into college,

while on a visit with his young friend Briston, Moore read Mrs. Redcliffe's romances while listening to Hayden's music played by his friend's sister. Cicero, Virgil and Demosthenes were among the classical works read at school or college. 6. Production Achievement Because of his natural quickness and talent for dissertation, Moore was only made a sort of show child, and before the age of four he could recite some verses on the politics of the day.

His first attempts at regular versicles were made when he was 10 or 11 on the subject of a populatory called quiz. The editor of a monthly publication, who occasionally embellished his magazine with portraits of public characters, expressed a strong wish to have a drawing of young Thomas, then 13, engraved for the purpose, because he had acquired some little celebrity by his recitations in school and elsewhere. When the boy was 14, verses from his pen first appeared in print, and he found himself one of the esteemed contributors to the anthological Hibernica.

Thinking it the grandest thing in the world to be at the head of some literary institution, he organised two school friends into a debating and literary society with himself as president. Each member was required to produce an original enigma, or rebus, in verse for the others to explain. In one of the public examinations at college, Thomas substituted for the required theme in Latin prose some of his own English verses, which were so well thought of that their author received an award from the board. A copy of the Travels of Anarcharis, in a very handsome binding. During his second year at college, Moore wrote a short mask with songs, which was performed.

7. Evidences of Procrucity, C26 3. Development from 17 to 26 In college, Moore competed for a Latin premium, and although he surpassed his nearest competitor by a narrow margin, he refused to complete the examination by writing a theme in Latin hexameter. He had never written a single hexameter and did not wish now to begin bungling them, although it meant the loss of the prize. It was enough for me to have done well what I had attempted, and I determined not to attempt anything more.

More distinguished himself by standing high on the list of those judge worthy of scholarships, a barren honour, as Catholics were excluded from receiving awards of this kind. In the same year, he won a medal of the Historical Society of the University by a burlesque sort of poem, called An Ode Upon Nothing. At 21, his transition of the Odes of Anacreon was published,

dedicated to the Prince of Wales, to whom he was presented as a consequence and by whom he was complimented on his abilities. After graduating from the university, Moore entered a middle temple in London, but his legal studies soon lapsed. The interest of his friend, Lord Moira, secured for him a place as registrar of a naval prize court at Bermuda, but the fees were small and Moore, leaving a deputy, soon departed.

He then visited America, where, as a well-known writer, he was met with a flattering reception. AII IQ 140, Relief Cotion of Data 0.75 William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chethan, 1708-1778 A famous English Whig, statesman and narrator AIIQ 140

1. Family Standing The Pitts, for a century or more, had been mayors, partisans, doctors or government officials who gradually added to their estates. William's grandfather, a successful trader, married Jane Ines, a great-granddaughter of James V of Scotland.

He was a mighty imperious man, unsparingly laborious in pursuit of his aims, full of explosive energy, a shrewd judge of men. His dictatorial character oppressed his son Robert, William's father, who had no success either in business or as a politician. William's mother, Harriet Villiers, was beautiful, intelligent, distinguished and virtuous.

She was the daughter of Brigadier Villiers and his wife, Miss Countess Granderson. a spirited woman, notable in London, and created Viscountess in her own right. 2. Development to age 17. 1. Interests. Gowd prevented young Pitt from participating in athletic exercises.

No record of his interests is preserved other than that in 2.3. 2. Education. When 10 or 11, William entered Etton, which was at that time intended exclusively by sons of peers and men of family. The education was severely classical in school hours, while spelling, mathematics, and geography were taught by inferior masters in half-holidays.

In addition to the prescribed groundwork, the boys had individual training under tutors, but remained at Etton until he was 17. 3. School's turning and progress At Etton, he started in the lowest form but one, and the normal way went forward almost every half-year to the sixth form.

His tutor wrote to the father that he never was concerned with a young gentleman of so good abilities at the same time of so good a disposition, and added, There is no question, but he will answer all your hopes. His knowledge of ancient languages and of ancient history remained a permanent possession. The boys looked up to him and to Lyttelton, his school fellow, as prodigies of genius,

and the headmaster too is said to have recognised Pitt's superior capabilities. 4. Friends and Associates At Etton, William's special friends were Henry Fielding, one and a half years his senior, George Lettleton, Hanbury and Pratt, who later held the office of Attorney General in Pittsburgh's ministry.

5. Reading, no record 6. Production and Achievement A letter written just before his 15th birthday gives evidence of solid character and academic ambition. 7. Evidence as a precocity, no further record AIIQ 140, relative coast of data 0.60

3. Development from 17 to 26 For a year, Pitt attended Trinity College, Oxford. Here he studied a good deal with tutors and bought many books. A little poem on the death of George I shows that he possessed a knowledge of classical language and rhythm, but no trace of genius. From Oxford, Pitt went to Utrecht, where he probably acquired his knowledge of international law and diplomacy.

At 22, the youth, who had always been accustomed to lavish expenditure, found himself in straitened circumstances. He accepted a commission as coronet in Cobham's horse, taking his duties very seriously and reading every military book on which he could lay his hands. At 24, he wrote his letter on superstition, published in the London Journal, with the object of reducing to absurdity the whole fabric of religious doctrine and worship. The hypothesis he employed for this purpose was cleverly formulated. Before he was 26, he spent a year touring France and Switzerland from time to time,

writing letters to his sister in French. AII IQ 140, relived kosher of data 0.60. Joseph Priestley, 1733-1804, an English clergyman and natural philosopher, especially celebrated as the discoverer of oxygen. AII IQ 140.

AIIIQ 150 1. Family Standing The Priestleys were simple, sober, honest, God-fearing folk, staunch Calvinists and deeply religious. Joseph's immediate ancestors were farmers and clothiers, people of substance in the human class. His father, John Priestley, a weaver and cloth dresser, had a strong sense of religion and uniformly good spirits.

His mother, the only child of Joseph Swift, a farmer, was a woman of exemplary pity. She died when her son Joseph was six years old. When he was nine, a young priestly was adopted by his aunt, who was, according to her nephew, as perfect a human character as I have yet been acquainted with.

2. Development to age 17 1. Interests Joseph's fondness for books had led his aunt to hope he might become a minister, and he readily entered into her views. 2. Education

At six, the boy was sent to school in the neighborhood, and later he attended several other schools selected by his aunt. At a large free school conducted by a clergyman, he began at 12 or 13 to make progress in Latin and the elements of Greek. On holidays, he learned Hebrew with a dissenting minister.

Later, he attended a school opened by his tutor. Three, school standing on progress. Priestley at the age of 16 had acquired a pretty good knowledge of the learned languages. At this age, beginning to be of a weakly consumptive habit, He left school, and as Mr. Kirkby, the minister, had given up his teaching, the youth continued his studies alone until at 19, he entered the academy at Devontree.

With a view to trade he had, at 16 to 19, learned French, German and Italian without a master, and he wrote letters in French and German for an uncle who was a merchant. 4. Friends and Associates, no record. 5. Reading. From 11 to about 13, he had read most of Mr. Bunyan's works, and other authors on religion, besides the common Latin authors.

6. Production and Achievement, no record. 7. Evidences of Precocity. Priestley's brother, Timothy, speaking of the period before Joseph was six, seemed to have been particularly impressed by the lad's ability to repeat the assembly's catechism without missing a word, and by his habit of kneeling down to pray.

This was not at bedtime, which was never neglected, but in the course of the day. A year or two before entering the academy at Daventry, Priestley took lessons in mathematics. While instructing a Baptist minister in Hebrew, he was at the same time learning from him, Chaldee and Suryak, and had begun to read Arabic. He read widely and attained such a proficiency in many subjects that when admitted to the academy he was excused from all the studies of the first year

and a great part of those of the second. At this time he was in the habit of writing down, upon his return from church, as much of the sermon as he could remember. His naturally vigorous mind was much stimulated by his three years' stay at the academy, where such subjects as liberty, theological orthodoxy and heresy

were continually discussed between teachers and students. With one of his classmates, he used to rise early and to read every day ten folio pages of some Greek author, beside a Greek play each week. From 22 to 25, he was minister at Needham Market in Suffolk, where his lack of orthodoxy made him unpopular.

He sought to improve his straitened circumstances by teaching and lecturing, but was at first unsuccessful, again because of the taint of heresy. At 25, he entered on his work as head of his school at Nantwich. and, being an excellent teacher, was now very successful. In his leisure time, he recomposed the treatise on the Apostle Paul

and compiled an English grammar for use in his school. AII IQ 150, Relief Coaching Data 0.75 Peter Paul Rubens, 1577-1640 A Celebrated Flemish Painter AII IQ 140

AII IQ 140 1. Family Standing Reuben's grandfather was an apothecary. His father, a graduate of a number of universities, acted as alderman of Antwerp until he was involved in political storms. Reuben's mother, the daughter of a village tapestry maker, possessed a character of devotion, courageous energy, simplicity, perfect tact, and stoicism under suffering,

and is said that her son derived these characteristics from her. 2. Developmentoid 17 1. Interests None are recorded specifically other than the academic and artistic and a strong predilection for all things pertaining to religion and worship.

2. Education Rubens received his earliest instruction from his energetic mother, who superintended her children's lessons while she cared for several boarders. The family were living in Cologne at this time. Whether they had fled from political persecution,

the youth received his first regular schooling at Antwerp. after his father's death made possible the family to return to their own country. But at 13 he was forced to leave school on account of his poverty. Because he expressed no enthusiasm for painting, his mother sent him to the studio of a relative, a landscape painter of mediocre rank.

There, however, he remained only a short time. He ended in the studio of Adam van Noort, with whom he worked for four years. Little is known of his progress at this time. 3. School Standing on Progress Gifted with exceptional intelligence, Rubens early united a love of work with an eager desire for knowledge.

He outstripped, and by a long distance, all his school fellows. He knew whole portions of the best prose and poetry by heart, and he learned to speak and read both classical and modern languages. 4. Friends and Associates Mauritus, three years his senior, with whom Rubens attended school from the age of 10 to 13, became his lifelong friend. The young artist is described as having an amiable and perfect character.

5. Reading Rubens never ceased to read, in the original, the best poets and prose writers, especially the classical. He also gained instruction from devotional books. 6. Production and Achievement From earlier childhood, he took pleasure in copying pictures from Stimmer's Bible, and at 13 he entered upon his apprenticeship in art.

7. Evidences of Prococity See 2, 2 and 3. AI IQ 140. Relative cost of data 0.43. 3. Development from 17 and 26. From Van Nort's studio, Rubens went at 17 to serve his master's friend, the eminent painter Van Veen.

The influence exercised by Van Veen is more apparent in the conduct of Rubens' life than in his artistic development. Although Rubens worked with his master for four years, no trace remains of his production during this time. At 21, Rubens, now a master of the Guild of St. Luke, settled in Antwerp and began to work out his own destiny. Two years later, he visited Italy in order to study the great paintings, and while he was there, the Duke of Mantua, struck by the talent of the young artist,

took him into his service for nearly eight years. At 24, Rubens completed three notable pictures to adorn the chapel of St. Helena in Santa Cruz. Centellina and the True Cross The Crownings of the Thorns and The Elevation of the Cross

While not to be compared to his letter work these productions exhibit genuine originality and power AIIQ 140 Relative Cotial Data 0.43 Friedrich Schiller 1759-1805 A famous German poet, dramatist and historian

AIIQ 140 AIIQ 155 1. Family Standing The shillers were peasants and tradesmen in the Necro Valley. Frederick's grandfather was a master baker and a village mayor.

The poet's father was an army surgeon with the rank of major. In later life he became the superintendent of the Ducal Gardens near Ludwigsburg, where in addition to his official activities, he prepared and published a work of some value on agriculture. The mother, a pious, devoted woman, belonged to a family of bakers and city officials. 2. Development to age 17

1. Interests The wishes of his parents and his own desire to resemble a certain teacher led young Schiller at a very early age to choose a career in the church. As a little boy, he liked to go to school or church. At the age of five, he dramatised the church functions,

arraying himself in robes suitable to the occasion and preaching to the family audience. But best of all, he liked to escape to the hills with his sister. Attendance at the theatre was expected of army officials, and so Schiller's father was often present, frequently accompanied by his son, who was thus rewarded for good behaviour. Frederick's first attendance was at the age of seven, and he was so thrilled that at home,

he made a little theatre with paper doll actors. This form of amusement occupied much of the boy's time from the age of seven to thirteen. At school, Schiller was a leader in the games, for although timid and awkward among grown-ups, He was a bold and fearless participant in boys' activities. 2. Education

Schiller's mother told Bible stories to her children, his father historical tales. The village school gave Frederick formal training until he passed, at the age of five, to the charge of the pastor with whom he began to study Latin, at age six, Greek. From the age of seven to thirteen, Schiller attended a city Latin school in preparation for a church seminary. At 10 and 11, he was taught Latin, Hebrew and Greek by an excellent teacher.

From his 14th through his 21st year, the youth was forced to attend the Dugal Academy, although he could not yet prepare for his chosen profession, the ministry. At the age of 14, he decided, as a second choice, to enter the law. But when a department of medicine was established in the academy, Schiller, in his 17th year, found in it an escape from the, by this time, heartily detested legal studies. 3. School Standing on Progress In all his childhood, try as he would, Sherlock could never do enough to satisfy his father.

Yet the desire to do ultimately was always an incentive. Hating the dry catchism, the boy memorised it for the sake of his father and of his own ambition, and recited it without an error. For his pains he received a prize. The boy's teachers were pleased with his industry and called him one of the best pupils.

Schiller passed at 9.5 his first public examination and received an encouraging comment from the teacher. At 10 he passed his second examination successfully. In this year and the next he wrote good Latin verse. At 12.5 he received a double A, the highest mark, in every examination. It was this success that brought Jan Frederick to the Duke's attention as a possible candidate for his academy.

During his first year at the Ducal Academy, Schiller's rapid physical growth and frequent interposition affected his school record. He was reported poor in conduct. In Latin and Greek he did fairly, for mathematics he had little talent. In his oral studies he got the name of a deload. In Greek, however, he took a prize at 14, and the Duke remarked that this boy will be something. At the age of 15, Schiller was at the foot of his class, and there he remained for a year, until entering

upon the more frequent congenial study of medicine. He again made a satisfactory record. His true interest, even at this time, was in literature. Four, friends and associates. Two associates of Schiller's infancy and one from his eighth year remained his friends for life. One of these was afterward a member of the State Medical Council.

Schiller had always a few friends to whom he was devoted, and with such as these he shared in his teens a productive enthusiasm for literature. Five, reading. Schiller's mother read the works of the religious poets to her children. Reading became the boy's delight, and at 13 he would often lose himself in Klopstock, Virgil, or the Psalms, forgetting his prescribed tasks.

At 14, or possibly earlier, he read secretly Werther and the dreams of Götzenberg, Lessing, and Götze. At 15 he devoted himself to poetry and attended lectures on Homer and read unstintedly, alone or with his inmates. 6. Production and Achievement At ten Schillert wrote an original Latin prose, greeting to his father, and at fourteen produced with great facility, distits, letters, etc., of which two examples are preserved. Perhaps his first original production in German was a description of a psychic experience at his confirmation, aged twelve and a half, in the same year he wrote two tragedies.

When he was thirteen he produced a poem, Ante Nebeck, in the Klopstock manner. At 14 he founded with his friends at Dokterband for the cultivation of the muse. Essays of this year, one in Latinistics and one in prose, showed technical skill and ability in characterization. At 15 Schiller wrote The Student of Nassau.

At 16 he and his colleagues began to send their productions to the periodicals. Frederick was always dreaming of becoming a poet. 7. Evidences of Prococity Tales are told of bright sands to Schiller before he was four years old. AI IQ 140, Relief Quotiental Data, 0.60

3. Development from 17 and 26 Schiller continued to study medicine at the Ducal Academy, but his heart turned to literature. At the age of 19, he was already at work on The Robbers. He delivered school addresses on formal occasions, wrote two poems, and occupied himself with translations and extensive reading. At 21, he was graduated as a physician, but with permission to practice in the army only.

The same year he received an appointment to a regiment at Stuttgart, but he found the work there uncongenial and the living conditions humiliating. The next year, The Robber's was printed at his own expense. It was plagued with immense success and rapidly won fame for its author. At 22.5, Schiller published a volume of poems and became editor of the magazine

while continuing his dramatic work. During a term of imprisonment, his punishment for visiting Mannheim without leave to see a performance of the robbers, Schiller was commanded by the Duke to cease his literary activities altogether. This was too severe a penalty.

The young poet fled from so intolerable a situation and devoted himself entirely to literary work, producing a number of dramas, including Louise Mullerin and Don Carlos. At 24, he was appointed theatre director at Mannheim, and although afflicted with dips, he wrote and produced several dramas.

Elected to a learned society, he delivered a admirable first address on what a good theatre can affect. AII IQ 155, Relief Coastal Data 0.75 William Henry Seward, 1801-1872, an American statesman. AII IQ 140, AII IQ 140.

1. Family Standing Seward's paternal grandfather appears to have been a distinctly public-spirited citizen. His father was successively physician, farmer, and merchant, and he discharged with integrity the duties of several officers of public trust, including that of member of the New York legislature. The mother whose father was also a citizen of good standing in the community, was remembered as a person of excellent sense, gentleness, truthfulness, and candor. 2. Development to age 17.

1. Interests. From a very early age, Seward convinced a decided love of books and a taste for study, but with little aptitude for work upon the farm or in the country store. In fact, he frequently ran away from home to go to school. As evidence of his intellectual absorption, he is told that at twelve, as he was reading while returning from the pasture with the cows, he fell into a creek and was only rescued from drowning by the timely aid of an elder brother.

The presentation of Cato in a school exhibition made a lasting impression and led young Seward to become a hater of military and imperial ursipation. At college, Seward disliked mathematics but was devoted to the study of moral philosophy, rhetoric, and the ancient classics. He cherished an ambition to become at the valedictorian of his class. 2. Education Boy was sent at the age of nine to the Farmers Hall Academy in Goshen, New York, which he attended for one year.

He began the study of Latin at that time, starting at 10 years of age. He engaged in college preparatory work in a new academy at Florida, New York. Daily studies began at 5am and closed at 9pm, and recreation periods were all utilised in public chores. At 15, the youth matriculated as a sophomore at Union College, Shinakati, which was then owing to the good influence of its president at the height of its prosperity. Discipline was based on sound principles, but instruction still consisted in the memorising and reciting of set tasks.

3. School standing and progress At Farmers Hall, because he refused to help shut out the master when the latter required school attendance on Christian Day, Seward earned the contempt of his school fellows. During the Florida years, William was reported by a master as too stupid to learn because he failed in Latin translations. but later when his ambition had been aroused by his father's statement that he might one day become a correct lawyer

he rarely required a double lesson within the time allowed for a single one. Although in one subject, composition and exercise he had rarely practised he worked confusingly because he had no general supply of facts or knowledge. He was, according to the examiner, more than qualified to enter the junior class. However his youth made him ineligible as 16 was a minimum for a junior

and he was but 15. 4. Friends and Associates Seward states with reference to his college days the companionship of intelligent and emulous classmates harmonised with my disposition.

5. Reading. No record. 6. Production and Achievement In his childhood and probably before he was 9 Williams or radical gifts were exploited by his admiring father who placed him on the counter of a country store

to recite a political address before an audience of neighbours. It was perhaps about this time that William announced his intention of becoming a Justice of the Peace. A characteristic phase remains from a school composition of Seward's early teens. On virtue, virtue is the best of all vices. At college, Seward, age 16, and his roommate rose at 3 o'clock in the morning,

cooked their own meals, washed their own dishes, and spent their time in severe study to win five better Kappa honours, which they succeeded in attaining in the junior year. 7. Evidences of Precocity C2-136 AI IQ 140 Relief Coastal Debt at .60 3. Development from 17 and 26

Dividends or some other cause kept William from participating in the debates he heard at school, but he profited by them nevertheless, and at 17 delivered his first political speech. After a year of earning to pay off his debts, Seward returned at the age of 18 for his senior year at college. He held the office of class manager during the year, and graduating with the highest honours, he was chosen to deliver a commencement audition. For the age of 19, Seward studied and practised law. Almost as soon as he was admitted to the bar, aged 21, he made a reasonable living.

He married at 23. At 24, he had already aroused some local attention by his speeches on state and national issues. AII IQ 140, Relicational Data 0.60 David Frederick Strauss, 1808-1874, a celebrated German theologican and philosopher. AIIQ 140, AIIQ 160.

1. Family standing. The Franco-Swebian Strauss family in Leogwigsburg near Stuttgart were merchants. David Frederick's father, whose habits and interests were scholarly rather than mercantile, was a senator as well as a merchant and a man of distinct ability in education. The mother whose father was a pastor and the son of a pastor was practical, rational and stable.

Under distinctly trying circumstances, she never lost her courage, balance and sound common sense. 2. Development to age 17 1. Interests Nestor's children flew their coats in the meadow, gathered flowers in the woods with their mother, helped her in the garden, assisted her father in the care of his bees or played in the garret.

David's constitutional frailty inclined him to intellectual rather than physical recreations. In his teens, a talent for poetry appeared and was cultivated. 2. Education Stross attended the Latin school through his 14th year. Then choosing theology as a career, he entered the Lower Evangelical Seminary at Blobieren,

where the principal studies were classical literature and ancient history. Here he came under the tuition of professors, Kern and Bauer, eminent scholars. 3. School standing and achievement. At the age of 11, and while he was attending the Latin school, his name appeared as fourth on the list of five superior scholars in the institution. And when he entered the Evangelical Seminary, his standing was even higher, for he was introduced by his rector as the best student in his class.

4. Friends and Associates. Strauss' chief friend at Bloorberin was the eminent philosopher Vischer, who held this place throughout their lives and became his colleague's biographer. For a time, Storrs held in peculiar lover-like affectionate youth of somewhat feminine qualities, and was inspired by him to some of his earliest efforts of poetry. 5. Reading. No record. 6. Production and Achievement. No specific record, but C. 2-4.

7. Evidences of Plicosity. At an early period, David Federick's intellectual quickness and poetic imagination were apparent. At school, although too delicate for the usual games, his originality in play was noted. AI IQ 140 Relative Coastal Data .60 3. Development from 17 and 26. From the age of 17 and 22, Storos attended the Evangelical College of Turbingen, entering as fifth of his class. Repelled alike by the dry character of

the instruction and the noisy vulgarity of student life, Storos attached himself to a group of friends with poetic gifts and tastes. By his 19th year, the shy boy had developed into a self-assured, hard, critical individual whom others feared. At this time, the religious philosophy of his old teacher, Bauer, now Professor Thubingen, brought Storrs under the influence of Schillermacher. Through reading and discussion with his friends, the youth was attracted to the

philosophy of Hegel. Towards the end of his 23rd year, Storrs left Thubingen to become a pastor in a village near his own home. He was popular in the village, but he remained there less than a returning there to a professorship at Molenbrunn. While here, before he was 24, Strauss received a doctor's degree for a thesis which is described as philosophical rather than religious. The same year, attracted by the teachings of

Hegel, he made his way to Berlin. Unfortunately, the philosopher's death intervened, but Strauss attached himself to the Hegelian school and also attended Schleinemacher's lectures on the life of Jesus. Before he was 25, the student had returned to Tuba-Chin as undermaster, delivering a course on logic, metaphysics, and philosophy, of which it was said, Hegel could not indeed have desired a better interpreter

than he here found. In 1835, at the age of 27, Storrs published this famous Life of Jesus critically considered. AIIIQ 160 Relative Cropature of Data .75 A. Robert Jacques Turgot, 1727-1781. A noted French statesman, political economist and financier.

A.I.I.Q. 140, A.I.I.I.Q. 160. 1. Family Standing. Turgot's family was one of the most ancient of Normandy. His paternal grandfather had been intendant of the generality of Metz and Tours. His father was successfully master of the requests, provost of the Belles Lettres,

councillor's state, and president of the Grand Council, and was also the originator of one of the finest plans ever made for the defence of Paris. The only information as to the mother is that she did not understand her son, and continually rebuked him for his awkwardness. 2. Developmental age 17

1. Interests Turgot early developed a pronounced forgiveness for books and serious studies. Because of his physical and social ineptitude, he soon became abnormally sensitive and avoided people as much as possible. He evidently had much sympathy for poor students with whom he came in contact in college, for he gave them much of his pocket money. 2. Education

Young Turgot had a tutor who, it appears, was not efficient, for although the pupils' wide reading filled his mind with ideas, when the time came of sending him to college, his knowledge was found to be far from exact. However, he made decided advance under the able instruction at the Collège Louis-le-Grande, where all his hours were filled. Literature and poetry were very appealing to him. Grammar and languages he learned readily, and as in accordance with his father's request, he devoted much time to them.

He learned many, including Greek, German, Italian, English, Spanish, and Hebrew. At the Collège du Plessis, he had distinguished masters. Among them be Abe Sigourgne, the first professor in France to substitute the theories of Newton for those of Descartes. At the age of 16, Turgot, entended by his father for the church, went to the seminary of Saint-Salpice, where the lecturers of the Faculty of Theology engaged his attention.

3. School standing in progress. No further record. 4. Friends and associates. No record of other than relatives and tutors. 5. Reading. At 16, Turgot spent much of his time reading books on finance, commerce, philosophy and theology. 6. Production and achievement

He had acquired a knowledge of languages before his 16th year. 7. Evidences of Precocity C2, 1, 2 and 6 AI IQ 140 Relative Cush of Data, 0.43 3. Development from 17 to 26

At 19, Turgot was admitted, because of his youth by special dispensation, to the examination for the degree of Bachelor of Theology. He defended his thesis so brilliantly that both the Pope's nuncio and the Archbishop of Tours showered him with compliments.

The latter informed the king that he had never heard a thesis sustained with equal distinction. At 22, the gifted student was admitted to the Sorda Boehm to study for his ecclesiastical licence. His first writing, of which there is any trace,

is a public letter to Buffon, in which he gives the principal objections which later overthrew the astronomical system of the celebrated naturalist. At 22, Turgot wrote his first paper on economics, in which he aimed to refute law's system. Six months after his admission to the Sorbonne, he was elected prior or chairman of the assemblies.

At 23, he set himself to refute the metaphysical doctrines of Berkeley and Maipurton. During his stay at Sorbonne, Turgot made many translations into French, of masterpieces in other languages, including renderings of the works of Homer, Seneca, Caesar, Ovid, Tacitus, Hores, Tibulus, Virgil, Tassel, Topstock, Gessner, Hume, Addison, Johnson, Pope, and Dr. Josiah Tugger. The languages from which he translated included Latin, Greek,

Hebrew, German, Italian, and English. His verse at this period was produced with a remarkable facility and was characterized by a considerable epigrammatic point. Claiming the whole world of thought as his domain. He had achieved, before he was 23, wild knowledge of literature, political economy, chemistry, and the physical sciences. In his 23rd year, and against the advice of his friends, Tergault left the church for the law, becoming deputy councillor in the Parliament of

Paris. AIIQ 160, Relative Cultural Data 0.75. Lope Felix de Vigo Caprillo, 1562-1635, A celebrated Spanish dramatist and poet. AIIQ 140, AIIQ 145 1. Family Standing Lope's father, a poet of singularity Christian spirit, was devoted to works of practical charity.

He was probably either a basket maker or an embroiderer. There is no record concerning the mother. 2. Developmental age 17 1. Interests In his childhood, Lope probably assisted his father in caring for the poor and the sick in a Madrid hospital.

At five, the boy read Spanish and Latin and was devoted to verse-making, for which he had already shown much talent. In his eleventh year, he possessed such accomplishments as dancing, singing, fencing, etc. At fourteen, being ambitious to see the world, he set out with a friend, but he was caught in an escape and was returned home by the police. 2. Education At five, Lourke had already begun to study Spanish and Latin.

At ten, he knew grammar and some rhetoric, was familiar with Latin and Italian, and was acquainted with French. He had probably entered college at this time, and after two years, aged 12, he had mastered grammar and rhetoric. Between the ages of 15 and 17, he entered the University of Alcala, from which he graduated after four years of study. Three, school standing in progress. Although there is no definite statement to that effect, we may infer that Loeb's general educational progress was unusually rapid.

4. Friends and Associates Herman Norns accompanied Loeb on his journey at the age of 14. 5. Reading, no definite record. 6. Production and achievement. At 5, Loeb dictated poems while he was yet unable to write.

At about 10, he translated a Latin poem into a Castilian verse and composed rhymes both Latin and Castilian. At 14 he wrote his first play, The True Lover, which was marked by his characteristic sweetness of versification. At 15 he wrote a number of eclogues in honour of the Bishop of Avila, whose service he had entered and produced, as well as the comedy La Pastoral de Jacinto, his first three-act play. Before his 18th year he had written many more dramatic pieces. 7. Evidence of Procursity.

C. 2, 2 and 6. AIIQ 140 Relative Cultural Data 0.53 3. Development from 17 to 26 At 20 or 21, Luke became the Secretary of the Duke of Alba, repaying the favour of his appointment by writing a pastoral romance, La Arcadia. For two years, probably between the ages of 21 and 23, he served the Marquise de las Navas.

At 22, already ranked as an eminent poet in Madrid, he contributed to the Jordan Espiritual of E. F. R. Pedro de Medilla and to the Cancionero of López Maldonado. It is probable that he wrote La Doretilla between the ages of 23 and 26. Salavance, in a romance published in 1585 when Lope was 23, mentions his young contemporary as among the most distinguished Spanish poets of the time. Already the youth was accorded both for his poetry and his charity, the unusual well-deserved fame which the man was to receive in full measure during his later life. AII IQ 145, Relive Cushman 10.43

James Watt, 1736-1819 A Scottish Mechanican, Inventor and Civil Engineer AII IQ 140, AII IQ 145 1. Family Standing Wad's father, descendant from solid stock, made his way as a shipwright, ship-chandler, builder and merchant.

He was a promoter of town improvements, an intelligent, upright and benevolent man. Among the mother's forebearers were great soldiers and warriors. 2. Development to age 17 1. Interests In early boyhood, James was fond of angling and was also devoted to all kinds of experimentation.

And later boyhood, probably between the ages of 14 and 17, he was indefatible in his habits of research and observation. Every excursion he took extended his knowledge, not contended with adding to his botanical and mineral treasures. He entered the cottages of the poor to study their characters, and listened for hours to their local traditions, popular ballads, and wild superstitions. Astronomy was a fascinating study to him, and he took a deep interest in anatomy. Many years later, he told his son that he would have been a surgeon had he been able to bear the sight of suffering.

2. Education While he was still a little child, what was taught to read by his mother? His father taught him writing and arithmetic. Ill health kept James from regular school attendance, but under the learned master of grammar school of Greenock, he attained a more than respectable proficiency in Latin and some knowledge of the elements of Greek.

3. Schoolstanding and Progress What school comrades, certain burly youngsters, considered him mentally dull in the earlier period of his school days, for his ill health and impartiality for quiet pursuits result in drawing upon him the disdainful regard of his associates. At 13 or 14, however, he made rapid progress in a mathematical class. 4. Friends and Associates Our cousin who became Mrs Marion Campbell was what's companion in early youth, and his friend through life.

On his frequent visits to Glasgow when he was 14 and more, he formed friendships with several intelligent and well-educated young men. These acknowledged and appreciated Mr. Watt's superior abilities, yet they sometimes feared while they loved him, as he had no patience for folly and could be sarcastic. 5. Reading Before the age of 15, James had read twice, with great attention to Grafassan's Elements of Natural Philosophy. The first book on that subject put into his hands.

It was probably during his middle teens that he read indiscriminately almost every book he could procure, poetry, romance and the publications of the day. He also read and studied much into chemistry and anatomy. 6. Production Achievement At 13, young Watt, while on a visit to Glasgow, invented story after story to keep his friends up till after midnight, because his severe toothache could not let him sleep at an earlier hour. In these tales, the interest was so overpowering that all the family listened to him with breathless attention.

Between his 15th and 18th year, every new acquisition in science, languages, or general literature seemed made without an effort. He went on with various chemical experiments, repeating them again and again until satisfied with their accuracy for his own observations. He had made for himself a small electrical machine, and sometimes startled his young friends by giving them sudden shocks from it. In his father's shop, he learned to work with metal, wood and other materials, and with a small forge set up for his use, he repaired and manufactured all sorts of instruments, made a punch ladle out of a silver coin, and gained familiarity with the use and construction of telescopes, quadrants and other optical instruments. Among the small models of his invention were a crane and a barrel organ.

7. Evidences of Precocity What was six when he drew mathematical lines and circles on the marble earth, and then marked in letters and figures the result of some calculation he was carrying out? A caller on putting various questions to the boy was questioned and gratified with the mixture of intelligence, quickness, and simplicity displayed by his answers,

and pronounced him no common child. At an early age, he was remarkable for manly spirit, a retentive memory, and strict adherence to truth. His parents were proud of his talents and encouraged him to study at home. Given a set of small tools by his father, he delighted in taking his toys to pieces,

reconstructing them and inventing new playthings. At fifteen he sat silent for an hour in his aunt's house, taking the lid off the kettle and putting it on again, holding now a cup and now a silver spoon over the steam, watching how it rose from the spout,

and catching and connecting the drops of hot water it fell into. His aunt asked if he were not ashamed to spend his time in that way. See also 2, 1, 4, 5 and 6. AI IQ 140 Relative Culture Data 0.53 3. Development from 1726

Before he was 19, Watt had decided to become a mathematical instrument maker. After a year with relatives in Glasgow, where he gained federal notice from several learned professors. He went to London, and there was an apprentice to one of the few mathematical instrument makers of the city. Dispensing with the regulation and use of service, because he made such extraordinary progress, he returned to Glasgow and secured employment at the university.

At 21, he had become the university mathematical instrument maker. In the years immediately following, he carried out some significant experiments, and at 25 or 26, constructed a kind of steam engine. AIIIQ 145, Relative Coaching of Data 0.60 End of section 25

we'll see you next time.