menu_book Chapter 34

Section 34 of Genetic Studies of Genius, Volume 2, The Early Mental Traits of 300 Geniuses by Catherine Cox. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recorded by Leon Harvey. Chapter 21. Cases rated at AIIQ 170-180. Thomas Chatterton, 1752-1770, an English poet and prose writer. A.I.I.Q. 170, A.I.I.I.Q. 170.

1. Family Standing The Chattertons had for generations belonged to a class of worthy unskilled workers, chiefly Sextons. The poet's father, however, had by his abilities raised himself above the position of his forbearers. He was a great reader with an inclination for antiquarian pursuits.

He became a writing master and a chaunter. It was said that he was eccentric. Chatterton's mother had no shining abilities. She was fairly well educated, and after her husband's death, supported his mother and her two children by teaching and by clever needlework. 2. Development to age 17

1. Interests Even before he was five, Thomas had a thirst for preeminence. He would preside over his playmates as their master and his hired servants. At 15, believing that much study had soured his temper, he determined to soften his austerity by cultivating the acquaintance of a certain young girl. But she put a sudden end to this scheme, by marrying much to Chatterson's express disgust, and apparently his unexpressed disappointment.

The boy's amusements were few and simple. With his friends, he strolled into the country, discussing literary masters or reciting verses. In his middle teens, he studied for the most part independently ancient literature, English heraldry, metaphysics, mathematics, astronomy, music, and surgery. He executed heraldic designs after receiving some lessons from an engraver. 2. Education

At the age of five, Chatterton was put to school, but was soon returned to his mother by the master as a confirmed dullard. When he was about six and a half, his mother taught him the alphabet, and later, with the assistance of her daughter, she instructed him in reading, using an old black-letter Bible as a text. At seven and three-fourths, Chatterton entered Colston's Hospital School,

a free school for poor boys, where the three R's were taught, and he continued there until he was fourteen. 3. School standing on progress. A school teacher stated that Thomas was making rapid progress in arithmetic at the age of 10. The boy's roommate stated later that he, Chatterton, and another carried all before them at school.

4. Friends and associates. Chatterton's few school friends, with the exception of his roommate, Kerry, letter and author, were solid, unimaginative lads, who were unaware that their colleague had written verses while at school, and in fact generally believed him incapable of producing such work, as was, afterward, proved to be his. Others, however, held him to be a very extraordinary genius.

They believed him capable of the performance, but incapable of the deception. C. 2.6 The junior master, a young man deeply interested in history and poetry, and something of appellate himself, was Chatterton's close friend. 5. Reading

As soon as he had learned to read, Chatterton read all day. so assiduously that they feared for his health. At the age of ten, he spent the trifle allowed him for pocket money to hire books from the circulating library. At ten and eleven, he wrote a catalogue of the seventy books

chiefly of history and divinity that he had read. According to his schoolmates, he retired to read during the hours allotted for play. Before he was fifteen, he had read and carefully studied the works of Chaucer, Shakespeare and Milton. During the succeeding years, his reading continued unabated.

6. Production Achievement Chatterton's first known verses, 16 lines on the last epiphany, were published when their author was 10. In the same year was written a hymn for Christmas, consisting of seven stanzas of six lines each, but this was not published. At 11 or 12 he wrote the sarcastic lines Sly Dick, 39 couplets, The Church Warden and the Apparition, A Fable, 30 lines published, and Apostate Will, 54 couplets. At fourteen and two-thirds, Chatterton became the apprentice of a scrivener, a good position because the hours were short, affording much free time for independent study and writing.

At fifteen, Chatterton wrote a number of love lyrics and other occasional verses for the use of his friend, and the same year he began to fabricate the Rowley Romances, a mass of suedo ancient literature invented with the help of some old manuscripts. Camden's Britannia, Baker's Chronicles, and Charters of Bristol, Chaucer's Works, and some antique dictionaries and relics. The Romant of the Psychot is probably the earliest of these romances, and here, as letter, the author added to his ancient version a modern translation.

The first Rowley manuscript, A Prose Chronicle, was printed when Chatterton was not yet 16. Although the author had little knowledge of the language, literature and manners of the period he attempted to portray, the production of the Raleigh manuscripts started to a controversy. As to their authenticity, which only recently died out, it is now universally admitted that Chatterton was the author.

The young poet turned his work over to Cathcott, a collector of old books, and Barrett, a suedo historian. He received very little return for them. A tragedy, Hila, failed to find publication. At the age of 16 and a third, Chatterton sent a history of painting by Rowley with explanatory notes and some verses by Abbot John, in manuscript to Horace Walpole, who was all interest until he discovered his correspondence lowly station.

Walpole then handed the work to antiquaries who pointed out the fabrications. Chatterton, in his disappointment, wrote an impetuous sonnet addressed to Walpole, which, however, he never dispatched. At sixteen and a half, Chatterton published Eleanor and Juga in the Town and Country magazine. Before his death at seventeen and three-fourths, Chatterton had written upward of six hundred pages of verse and prose. Seven, Evidence as a Precocity.

The boy's sister records that he was dull and learning, not knowing many letters, at four years old, and he always objected to read in a small book. It is said that up to six and a half, his mother regarded him as little better than a fool. At his confirmation at 10 or 12, he attracted attention by his sensible and serious remarks. At 14 and 2 thirds, Chatterton wrote a letter to a friend in America, in which he incorporated all the hard words in the English language. See also 2, 1, 5 and 6.

AI IQ 170, Relative Coaching of Data, Point 2. 3. Development from 1726 Released from his apprenticeship at 17 and a half, Chatterton travelled to London, where he received some encouragement from the publishers. He started on political writings, but finding no sale for them, reverted to poetry. Although his works were accepted, production was postponed, and sums due were not paid.

A series of disappointments followed, and then, having been without food for two or three days, Thomas Chatterton was found dead in his room. It was generally believed that he had committed suicide. AIIIQ 170 Relive Cochum Teta 0.75 Giacomo Leopardi 1798-1837

An Italian poet AIIIQ 170 AIIIQ 175 1. Family Standing Leopardi was of noble blood on both sides of his family.

His father, Count Monaldi Leopardi, was a man of some culture, a rigid Roman Catholic, limited in his range of intellect, whose naturally harsh and unsympathetic nature was apparently sourced by financial difficulties. The whole thought of the mother, the Martiones Adelaide of the noble house of Antisi, was absorbed in parsimonious efforts to repair the fortunes of her husband. Not indeed a bad woman, she was rather in some ways a woman of superior

character and of much strength of will, but she exhibited none of the understanding or affection for which her gifted and sensitive little son longed. 2. Development to age 17. 1. Interests. Leopardi's boyhood interest in classical audition was intense. His brother recalled that, awakened very late in the night,

he used to see Giacomo on his knees at the little table so as to be able to write to the last moment by the light which was going out. Giacomo was talkative, imaginative, bright, quick, and inventive. A clever analyst of characters and motives, he used to dramatise and sabotage the conflicts of home life, preparing little comedies and tragedies which he presented with the assistance of his brothers and sister. A favourite theme was that in which the tyrant, his father, was worsted by the hero himself.

2. Education His education up to the age of nine was entrusted to two local priests, one of whom carried it on thereafter until the boy was fourteen. At the age of ten, Giacomo embarked upon a course of self-instruction and continued thenceforth without intermission, making his studies his sole occupation. Without a master, he learned Greek, French, Spanish, German, English, and Hebrew. His proficiency in the last name enabled him to maintain discussions with certain learned Jews of Ancona, and his familiarity with Greek is reported as almost incredible.

He had attained a sort of critical divination in respect to all Greek writers, infallibility confirmed by the most eminent commentators. He persevered in his philological studies until his eyesight failed seven years later. 3. School's turning and progress. Although Leopardi never attended a school, he was said at 12 to be quite the equal of a Lyceum student. 4. Friends and associates.

Perhaps because he could look for neither sympathy nor love from his parents, Giacomo was particularly attached to a younger brother and sister. The brother, a year his junior, was his confidant in everything. Giacomo was evidently the leader of the little home group. 5. Reading

Young Leopardi had the use of a rich library collected by his father, a great lover of literature. In it, the boy passed the chief portion of his days, keeping careful notes of his reading and remembering important points. He read the classics, biblical works, the Alexandria of Egypt, and Histories of the Saints. To Lamacus at Robinson Crusoe, he read surreptitiously with his brother. Leopardi's readings in childhood lay the foundation of his great store of knowledge.

Leopardi could never have accomplished so much had he not read continually and kept full written record of all his reading. His were not superficial performances, but the works of a real scholar, assimilating, condensing, and reproducing his material, transformed and unified. In parts, however, his early productions show only astounding, laborious study and patience. The critics are aged, however, that, as the work of a boy, they are remarkable,

and that the productions of even these early years are worthy representatives of Leopardy's critical ability. 6. Production Achievement Before the age of 12, Giacomo had composed little essays, some of which are still preserved. These he recited at the end of the school year, thereby winning the applause of his friends and the admiration of his father. Between his 12th and 26th year, mainly between 13 and 20, he wrote a marvellous number of expositions, annotations, glosses, commentaries of your description on many classical authors, testifying to philological learning and genius seldom paralleled.

The most important of these philological manuscripts, chiefly written in Latin, were a commentary on the life of Plotinus by Porphyry, written in 16. Essay on the popular eras of the ancients, which forms a volume of the Florence edition of his works, written in 17. Fragments gathered from the Holy Fathers of the Church, glosses on Plato, Dionysus of Halicarnassus, Demetrius, Fellerius, Theon the Sophist, etc. Dissertations on Moschus, the Batra com Yomniacar, Philo-Judaeus, the Reputation of Horus among the ancients, etc. Together with the fragments on Celsus, Florus, Xenophon, etc.

And we are assured on competent testimony that these writings are not merely very clever essays of youth, but are mature in conception, masterly in execution, and thorough in scholarship. He also particularly translates parts of Hesiod, the Odyssey, Semenides, Mosos, Isocrates, Epictetus, etc. Erudite Germans accepted as genuine his forged Greek odes. So did good Italian scholars his pretended text of the 14th century.

From his 13th year, he preserves a little poem, Il Balaam's, three stanzas of six lines each, on the Bible story, followed by three stanzas in blank verse on the Punic Wars and a poem on Cato and Africa in a regular meter. This described the camp of Frasaglia in six verse stanzas and Caesar's voyage in four verse stanzas.

His description of a tempest at night is like a song. Caesar's victory is described in a three verse stanza, as is also Cato's death. A few verses are preserved from the following years, as well as records of other poems and of scientific treatises. An enormously learned history of astronomy, begun at 13, was published when Leopardi was 15.

Two translations from the Greek appeared when he was 16. The same year he read a prose sermon on the trial of Jesus to an assemblage of aristocrats. This was one of a number of religious writings. At the same age he wrote in blank verse A Tale of the Flood. He produced exercises in logic and philosophy in rhetorical form that were very fanciful and youthful and yet none the less productions of genius.

He wrote further a little poem on the three wise men of the East, a tragedy of Pompeii and a tribute to St. Francis de Sales. Leopardi translated in his childish way, an elegy of Ovid. He wrote verses on the story of Samson, dissertations, logic, metaphysical, physical and moral, and the usual themes of the philosophical school.

Leopardi's study of natural history appears in her prose work in 12 treatises. The prevailing ideas of the philosophers and historians are joined together by the free imagination of the youthful genius. The book is full of detail. It rather resembles a summary than a history. When Leopardi reached the age of 16 years and two months, his father noted in his diary that he had received the life of Plutius, translated by his son who had never taken any lessons in Greek.

Consilion reports that the two works on Plutinus were written within six months, and less than a month young scholar had written in addition to divida et scriptis rhetorium quorundam. He then went on to write a longer work on the lives of the church fathers of the 2nd century with a commentary on their works.

Seven Evidences of Precocity Consilion said of Leopoldi at 16, We have reason to expect much from a young man who even now shows such extraordinary ability. The Swedish scholar Akraplad expressed the same opinion. Cruiser, who had spent a lifetime in the study of Plotinus,

made use of young Leopardi's work in writing his own. Noibiru called him, at this time, the super erudite, and a conspicuous ornament of Italy. The great scholars, Simmer and Thilo, were full of praise. See also 1, 5 and 6.

AI IQ 170 Relative Culture Data, 0.60 3. Development from 17 to 26 At the age of 17, Giacomo was compelled to spend a whole year without reading, so seriously had his eyes become affected by his intense use of them. He took to thinking, and thus it was that he became enamoured of philosophy,

to which, with its related literatures, he devoted the rest of his life. At 18 and 19, Leopardi published various translations and original articles in the Spethetour, a journal of Milan. Among these were the following. 1. Wars of the Frogs and Mice.

Translation from the Greek, Milan, 1816, reprinted nine times in different collections. 2. Hymn of Neptune, a clever forgery said by its author to be a translation from the Greek, newly discovered, with notes and supplemented by two anachryontic notes in Greek, also forgeries. Newly discovered, Milan, 1817. 3. Second Book of the Aeneid, translated, Milan, 1817.

4. Annotations on the Chronicle of Eusebius. published in 1818 at Milan by Angelo May and Giovanni Sorab, Rome, 1823. Five Odes on Italy and at the Monument of Dante in course of erection at Florence, Rome, 1818. The works of this period placed their author upon the height which he maintained ever afterward. In addition to the periodical publications, Leopardi prepared, as 17,

an edition of Sestois with translations and annotations. He wrote during the same year his essay on the popular eras of the ancients, in which he cited more than 400 authors. This work was called by Saint-Buv, the production of Mature Mind. In his 19th year, Leopardi began the remarkable correspondence with Giordani,

a rare mirror of the poet's mind. Numerous odes and other poems appeared. At the age of 24, Leopardi spent some time in Rome, where he won the esteem and excited the wonder of Bunsen and Neubauer. The latter procured him the offer of rapid advancement if he would but enter the church.

This, however, Leopardi refused to do, preferring freedom rather than advancement. In spite of great physical suffering and profound mental depression, the extent of Leopardi's labours was continually prodigious. AIIIQ 175, Relative Caution Data 0.75 François-Marie Arouet, Voltaire, 1694-1778. A famous French writer. AIIQ 170, AIIIQ 180.

1. Family Standing. The Arouet family was ancient and respectable. Among Voltaire's paternal ancestors were tanners, weavers, drapers, apothecaries, purveyors, notaries, owners of small estates. Voltaire's father was a competent notary who built up a good practice, attracted the patronage of several persons of importance, amassed considerable capital and acquired the title of councillor to the king and notary to the chatlet. The mother belonged to the Diamurard family of the old Poitiers Noblesse. Her father held a position of dignitary in the parliament of his province.

2. Development to age 17 1. Interests Poetry was Voltaire's first passion and his last. Before he was eleven, he wrote verses with extraordinary facility and marked enthusiasm. At school he walked and talked with the fathers while the others were at their games.

When told that he should play like his comrades, he said, Everybody must jump after his own fashion. The writer's serious interests, as well as came with a clever analysis of motives, are displayed in letters of Voltaire, penned at the age of sixteen. Even then, he determined that literature was to be his calling.

His father, however, did not acquiescence in this decision, insisting that his son should follow the law. 2. Education Instructed in a desultory way by the Abe Chattanoff, little Arouet, aged 3, learned to read from Lafoutaine's fables. At 10, he was sent to school where he took his place in the lowest class and began the study of Greek and Latin. The second year, he read Aesop's fables.

After continuing his education at the same school until his 17th year, Ehrat began the study of law and at the same time pursued geometry and metaphysics. 3. School studying and progress. The thin-faced little ten-year-old was keen with enough. He rarely picked up Latin and the nonsense of the curriculum

and showed a passionate veracity for information of any and every kind. His intelligence indeed was like an arrow, an arrow which always went straight to the mark. Even during his school days, he acquired so much literary skill that one of his teachers was humiliated by his keen literary criticism. Unwilling to be overruled by a child, the teacher seized his pupil by the collar and shaking him cried out, Wretch, you will one day be the standard bearer of deism in France.

Voltaire became and remained one of the best students in his class. At 16, he won extraordinary honours and prize after prize was awarded to him. His poetic talents were considered so marvellous that he was deemed worthy of an introduction to the literary lion of the day, J.B. Rossiel, for friends and associates. Voltaire's earliest friend and patron was the clever Abe Chateauneuf. At school, the boy was a favourite with his teachers, admired by all his companions and by some of them beloved.

The Jesuit fathers were, with one exception, the friends of their pupil, and Atowat's special tutor remained his lifelong friend. As a reward for his fluent verses, the boy was allowed to visit the marvellous Ninon di Linclaz, then 80 years old, and she, captivated by the wondrous boy poet, left him at her death a legacy for the purchase of books. 5. Reading Certain passages in the classics thrilled the young poet. He loved Cicero, was eerily and passionately devoted to Horace and Virgil, and he worshipped Cornel. 6. Production Achievement

At the age of twelve, encouraged by the success of earlier verses, Foltier attempted a tragedy, Amulies Numitor, but this seed later burned. Exant verses of this period show astounding ability. His first published work, Twenty Lines of Earth, was a petition to the king on behalf of an invalid soldier.

Turned with much ingenuity and elegance, it attracted the attention of Rousseau's in Paris. The practical father was alarmed, had so much notoriety, and anxiously sought to restrain his son's poetical enthusiasm. A translation of a Latin, Ode on Saint Genevieve, 1110 line stanzas, written when the poem was 15, was published about this time. 7. Evidences of Prococity

Wilbur little Francois began to learn at three, or soon after, a certain repouled, deistical poem of J.B. Roussel, taught him by his patron, the witty Abe, who was greatly entertained by the child's active intellect. I read verses from my cradle, says Voltaire. And in the early years, the two Atouette brothers were pitted against each other in verse writing. The verses of the younger were so good as at first to please and afterward to alarm his father. In his early teens, Voltaire attracted the attention of a tutor,

who would listen long and late to sharp questions on history and politics. That boy wants to weigh the great questions of Europe in his little scales, was a tutor's comment. At ten, the boy discussed important questions of the day with Nenon de Lenclos, who saw in him on that memorable visit the germ of the great man that was to be. He was early noted for his clever repartee.

At eleven or twelve, the boy became the prodigy of the college Louis de Grande, and this position he maintained to the end of his course. AIIQ 170 Relived Quotial Data .75 3. Development from 17 to 26 At seventeen, Francois arrived in Paris, a law student.

He became acquainted with the Epicureans of the temple, and was soon playing the gallant, a singer of impromptu verse, who was made much of by his fellows, caressed by the ladies, and a protégé of princes. He drank deeply of the gay life, and as a consequence was sent by his father to rusticate at Seine. But here, too, all doors were opened to him, and his life retained many of its former delights. He returned to Paris before the end of his 19th year, as wild as ever,

and his father in despair arranged to have him shipped off as attaché of the French ambassador to the Netherlands. In the Hague he fell utterly in love with a Protestant maid and mingled his passion with efforts to convert her to his own faith. Arouet Pérez recalled his son to Paris for Bélie's affair with the Dutch girl and disinherited him when he refused compliance.

But the youth was soon forgiven, and the old Paris life was resumed. At twenty at a friend's invitation, young Arouette spent several months at the Chateau Saint-Ange in an atmosphere of gossip, bon mots and scandal. Nevertheless, his verses continued, he published from time to time, and he was soon working on his Edip, conceived the previous year.

At twenty-one he had returned to Paris, and reading Edip to the literary courtier was hailed as a genius, surpassed only by Cornel and Racine. At the invitation of his friend, he went again to Saint-Aignes, and, while there, had in hand a satire on the Duke of Orleans. As a consequence, he was exiled, aged 21 and a half, but managed to appeal to the regent by a poem, his seventh published work, and was still allowed to return to Paris. Again the satires appeared, and this time Francois was sent to the Bastille.

Here, from the age of 22.5 to 23.5, he composed large portions of the Henriode, committing them to memory because he had no pen nor ink. His stay in prison was at length ended by the confession of the true author of this attire, but Adderwitt's experiences in prison resulted from the writing of the Bastille, his eighth published work. On the appearance of this poem, the young author was again exiled for a while, but 24 was allowed to return to Paris. Aedip was published and then performed on the stage for 45 successive nights. It won universal praise and became at once a standard stage play, which it has remained to the present day.

Arouet's success resulted in the gift of a huge gold medal from the king and a request that the player be presented in the palace. Voltaire, as he now called himself, making the most of his popularity, presented, age 25, the tragedy, Oktemeyer, but this failed to win the applause accorded to his earlier drama. AIIQ 180, Relive Coastal Data, 0.75 Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 1772-1834, an English poet, literary critic, and philosopher.

AIIQ 175, AIIQ 165 1. Family Standing Coleridge's paternal grandfather was a willan draper. He failed in business and was forced into bankruptcy. His son, the poet's father, was a country clergyman and schoolmaster of no ordinary kind,

a classical scholar and an accomplished mathematician. He was the author of a number of published theological dissertations, as well as some textbooks in Latin. The mother whose family had inherited a small farm in the Exmoor country was an admirable economist.

Comparatively uneducated, she achieved the highest praise as an excellent housekeeper and admirable wife and mother. 2. Development to age 17 1. Interests Because he was something of a misfit among boys of his own age, Coleridge took little pleasure in boyish sports, except swimming which he generally enjoyed. At an early age he acquired an indisposition to all bodily activity.

He says of himself that he was a playless daydreamer. daydreamer. When at the age of eight, he heard his father explain astronomical theories, he listened with profound delight and admiration, but without wonder or incredulity. He never regarded his senses in any way as the criteria of his belief. Although joyous in temperament, his effervescing enthusiasms were unusual for a boy of his age, and not shared by his associates.

His most pronounced interest was in reading, and in this he found a refuge when the boys tormented him. A dramatic trend was developed through his reading, and would often give skilful preservations of the characters of his book. See also 2.5. 2. Education. Coleridge entered reading school at 2 or 3, and remained in attendance there until, at 6, he was ready to become a pupil in the grammar school, of which his father was rector.

He continued for three years with his father, who had early resolved to make a parson of him. The father's death occurred when his boy was nine, but the latter continued thereafter for half a year in the old school under his father's successor. After a visit to an uncle in London and a short stay at Hertford School, he entered Christ's Hospital School, which he was to attend for 80 years, aged 10 to 18. Here his schoolmaster flogged instead of flattering him, but he gave him a sound basic training in literature on grounds of plain sense and universal logic. The boy's taste was moulded by a course of severe criticism.

His style gained in excellence, and he learned to appreciate the greater more than the less, referring demos things to Cicero, home to Virgil and Virgil to Ovid. 3. Schoolstanding and Progress At the grammar school, Coleridge, age 6 or 7, soon outstripped all of his own age. Because he could read and spell, and had an unnaturally ripe memory and understanding,

he was flattered and watered at by all the old women. At this age, sensibility, imagination, vanity, sloth, and feelings of deep and bitter contempt for all who transversed the orbit of his understanding were prominent and manifest. At ten, having learned to read tolerably, he was admitted to the higher school. From ten to fourteen, his talents and superiority put him always at the head in the routine of study, although he was utterly without ambition, and, as to emulation, it had no meaning for him. In spite of recognisably high standing, the difference between me and my form fellows in our lessons and little exercises bore no proportion to the measureless difference between me and them in the wide, wild wilderness of useless, unarranged books of knowledge and book thoughts.

At 14, Coleridge wrote to his brother a reward offered for a superior scholarship. At 1516, he became one of a small band of qualified students selected by the headmaster to be prepared in a course of special training for the university exhibitions of the school. 4. Friends and Associates Coleridge was his mother's darling.

He was petted by both parents and hated by his brothers. His enthusiasms were not appreciated among his associates. The schoolboys drove him from play and tormented him cruelly. In turn, he became fretful, timorous and telltale, and vain of his scholastic attainments. He despised most of the boys near his own age.

On one occasion, between the age of seven and nine, he ran away from home after a quarrel with his brother. The effects of exposure during this escape lasted for many a year. Lamb, a little more than two years, Coleridge's junior, entered the same London school a few months before Coleridge's advent there, and soon became his close friend. The younger lad characterised his schoolfellow, so far from home, as a poor, friendless boy, but the master called him the sensitive fool. Coleridge's intimates were devoted to him.

5. Reading Before he was five, Coleridge read The Arabian Nights, after which he was haunted by specters. At six he read Belisarius, Robinson Crusoe, and Philip Quarles, and during an illness was read Pope's Homer by his brother. Between seven and nine, he read every book he could find. Between ten and fourteen, a stranger struck by his conversation

made him free of a circulating library in King Street, Cheapside. Here he read through the entire collection, catalogues, folios, and all, whether he understood them or not, running all risks of skulking out daily to get the two volumes to which he was entitled. At fifteen, having determined to become a physician,

he read much in medical and surgical works. A little later, under the influence of Cato's essays on liberty and necessity, this wild dream gradually gave way to a range of metaphysics. Veltier's philosophical dictionary turned him infidel, but a sound flogging recovered him.

See also 2-2. 6. Production Achievement At 15, Coleridge wrote his first extant poem, The Advent of Love, and the same year he translated the Greek hymns of Sinesius. At 16, he wrote Time Real and Imaginary.

his first published poem. At about 15, he sought apprenticeship to a friendly cobbler, but soon after, following the visit of his brother, he determined to follow the latter and become a doctor of medicine. 7. Evidences of Precocity

Coleridge talked for the first time before he was two years old, saying, Nasty Dr. Young, while his hand was being dressed for a burn caused by pulling a hot coal out of the fire. When not yet three years old, he watched his own inoculation, unafrightened. At three, he could read a chapter in the Bible.

At nine, he reported to his mother instances of the pastor's deficiencies in grammar. At nine and a half, he was taken by his uncle from the coffeehouse to coffeehouse, and called a prodigy in his own hearing. At this age, he talked and disputed as if he had been a man. AI IQ 175, Relative Culture Data Point 2.

Three, development from 17 to 26. The impetus to a poetical expression was given through a volume of Bowel's verse, which fell into Coleridge's hands when he was 17. Following his father's wish that he prepare for the church, Coleridge entered Jesus College, Cambridge, in 19.

He was sent up as a scholar, on its dip end from Christ's Hospital. During his first year at the university, he won a gold medal for a sapphic ode on the slave trade. He was studious but capricious. He loved to indulge in lengthy conversations with his friends, or to regale them with long passages from the speeches of Burke and others.

He wrote and read much, and was an ardent supporter of the French Revolution, Fox, and Republican sentiment. At 21, discouraged by debt, he left Cambridge and joined the King's Dragoons. A little later, he again altered his intention, secured a discharge and returned to the university. After a visit to Oxford and Southie, he evolved a scheme for a utopian society which was planned to be carried out in America, but this suffered the usual fate of utopias. During this year and the next, he collaborated with Southie in the drama The Fall of Robbins-Pierre.

Shortly after, at 22, he left Cambridge without a degree. The sonnets on eminent characters were published in the Morning Chronicle during the year. In the meantime, Coleridge went to Bristol to live with Southie, but soon differences arose, putting an end to the intimacy. At the age of 23, Coleridge married. In the following year, he published the first edition of his poems and started a periodical, The Watchman,

which whoever failed to pay expenses and was discontinued. Ill health and anxiety prompted the use of laudanum at this time. At 24, Coleridge decided on farming as a vocation with the Lutcher. As a recreation in the following year, the second edition of his poems was published and he began The Ancient Mariner and Christabel.

AII IQ 165, relative coached data 0.75. Albrecht von Haller, 1708-1777 A distinguished Swiss physiologist, anatomist, botanist and poet. AIIQ 175 AIIIQ 180

1. Family Standing Heller's father came of an old and respected family that had given 15 members to the great and privy councils of the Republic of Bern. The father himself held a high state office in Bern's province of Baden and was well regarded for his learning in legal writings.

He was a man of penetrating understanding, of remarkable humour, a singularist in religion and a good poet. Of Heiler's mother it is recorded only that she was the daughter of Anton and Gell, governor of Andercy. She died before Albrecht was three.

2. Development to age 17 1. Interests Albrecht was a frail child who suffered from rickets. Because of this defect he could not exercise much, and so he early became fond of writing, drawing, reading, and quiet games.

He found his special pleasure in long and intensive studies. He was kind and friendly, and the indifference of those who should have given him affection hurt his sensitive nature. His relatives scoffed at his endless passion for reading and despised him for his love of poetry. Heller's father had destined him for the church, and the boy early conceived the desire to become a physician. At Tubingen, botany was his favourite study, and he made extended botanical trips with his professor.

During his first months at the university, he associated enough with the less studious to be drawn into their troubles. A little later, as the conviction grew that here was too much drinking and too little enthusiasm for learning, he decided to go elsewhere. 2. Education From his 4th to his 13th year, Albrecht lived with his stepmother on his father's beautiful peasant estate. During this time, he received instruction from an old pastor, Abraham Berlitz, a good pedagogue, although narrow and vain in his pedantry.

On the death of his father, his guardian sent Albert to the gymnasium at Bern, where he remained for a year. He then spent some time at Bale in the house of a friend, where his constant questioning about French philosophy brought only annoyed and reluctant answers. During a period of ill health, young Haller shut himself in his room for months at a time, and devoted himself to the writing of verses of every kind in many languages.

At 15, the young pedant entered the University of Turbinden. in theology, medicine, philosophy, chemistry, anatomy and botany. He had now, for the most part, professors of great ability and distinction. After a year he went to Leiden, where the simplicity, studiousness and seriousness of the Dutch students supplied the atmosphere he had been seeking.

Here the botanical garden and the anatomical theatre were admirable, and the professors were exceptionally clever men. Two members of the faculty were world famous. Boerheve was the most distinguished physician of his age, Albinus, the most distinguished anatomist.

3. School standing and progress. Even in early childhood, Albert Haller outshone all his playmates in the development of his mental abilities. He passed at 8 without an error the tests for entrance to the public school. Although the teacher thought it well to repress too great in a vision, the child was beside himself if he were not always, through application and ability, the first in his group.

Soon nothing appeared impossible to his unusual industry. his zeal for advancement was incessant, and his patience unlimited. Attene knew the Greek testament from cover to cover. It was typical of him that in a gymnasium entrance examination, he substituted for the required Latin exercise,

a production in the far more difficult Greek. For friends and associates, as a child, Heller was loving and lovable, but he was never favoured with other children. Because of his poor physique, he could not join in their games,

and besides, he was allowed less poker money than the other boys. At Tubergen, Heller lived in the Cotter household, and two of the Cotter brothers, the Eulogians, were his intimate friends. Several of his early associates were physicians. Gmelin, afterwards famous as a geologist, was a Tubergen associate. 5. Reading

Homer was this boy's romance at 12. Horace and Ovid were also thoroughly familiar, and Virgil was looked upon with reverence as the inspirer of his own verse. At 13, Haller found literary models in Brocks and Lowenstein, as well as in the classics. 6. Production and Achievement In his 10th year, Haller felt for the first time the desire to make verses.

A Latin satire against his too severe teacher is said to have been his earliest work. The next year, he began writing rhymed stanzas in German, taking some poem as a model and seeking to exceed or at least equal it. At eleven, when ill with smallpox, he wrote a French poem full of fire and tenderness, and at twelve he worked out an arithmetic.

When one night a fire broke out, the young poet gathered up his verses and escaped, leaving behind all of his other possessions. He had at this time no idea of publishing his works, for he felt that a real author must be something quite rare and remarkable, which he was not. At sixteen he expressed his emotion in Mordegensh Danken, a noble poem in praise of the creator.

Heller's poetical efforts before the close of his 17th year included numerous translations from Ovid, Horace and Virgil. Many original verses in Latin, French and his own German, lyrics, dramas and an epic 4,000 lines on a theme from Swiss history. 7. Evidence of Precocity The liveness of young Heller's mind was really apparent. In his fourth year he began to preach to the servants, reciting the Bible stories from his little armchair in the living room.

At 13 and 14 his greatest delight was to make books. In some of these he kept careful financial accounts. In others he wrote down all the new words he learned from day to day until he had completed a number of lexicons. His ninth year he made great lexicons of all the Hebrew and Greek words in the Old and New Testament. With their variations, roots and meanings.

He made it Chaldean grammar. He prepared 2,000 biographies of famous people on the pattern of Baal and Moreri, with which he was already familiar. His ninth year he was known for his weighty pronouncements. Of these one is preserved to the effect that it aroused in him more pity to see a hen die than to be present at the execution of a criminal, because the death of a wicked man is deserved and necessary. AI IQ 175 Relative Cotient Data Point 2

3. Development from 1726 Heller spent two years at Leiden where he studied intensively under Albinus and Boudhev. The latter was his pupil's ideal teacher, and his fine character deeply influenced the student. At the end of his 19th year, Haller took the examinations for a doctor's degree, and some months later returned to Byrne to establish himself independently as a practicing physician.

His agreeable personality, ability, and successful cures soon attracted a large clientele. The young physician recorded careful case histories, a new procedure in medical practice in this day, and constantly carried on experimental work. His method of counting the pulse and its use as a criterion is still followed. At 22, Hallow was invited by the Nuremberg Medical Association to contribute to their journal.

His work on the muscles of the diaphragm, published when he was 25, was well received by the medical world. At his suggestion, the Byrne authorities erected an anatomical theatre and Hallow held lectures and gave demonstrations there. He was appointed municipal physician, the next year city librarian and a 27 professor at Göttingen. During this period, in addition to his medical activities, Heather travelled, wrote poetry and studied botany.

During his first months in Holland, he visited the important cities and later he made a tour of North Germany with tour friends. After leaving Leiden, he visited England, where he met several distinguished physicians. In Paris, he attended lectures by noted scientists at Basel with his friend Gessner. He became absorbed in calculus and geometry,

inspired by the professors there to read more widely in English literature and so established in his own mind the literary standards which made him one of the first poets of his age. He botanized with Professor Stahelin. He made his famous Alpine journey with Gessner and later organized the botanical specimens he had collected. During the same year, he made four more extended botanical trips in the Alps, another at 23 and two more at 24.

Meanwhile, he took up classical literature again, reading through from Aeneas to the age of the Barbarians. and not one reference to medical science seems to have escaped his notice. Every year he saw the production of a number of poems, usually in honour of some special occasion. The Alps, written when Haller was 20, was the first representative of a new German poetry. With his Gedanken über Vernaft Ebelgoben and Angloben,

he convinced the Basel group that German poetry could be poetry. At 23, he published anonymously his first volume of poems, which was praised by such poets as Bodmer, Gottschede, and Kostner. Two years later, a second edition appeared and was approved by the reading public both in Germany and Switzerland. AIIQ 180 Relative Coaching of Data Point 2 Friedrich Schelling, 1775-1854, a celebrated German philosopher.

AIIQ 175, AIIQ 180 1. Family standing Schelling's forefathers were pastores, well-educated and of high local reputation. Schelling's father, a man of exceptional abilities as a scholar and a teacher of scholars, was a distinguished Orientalist and a churchman who became a prelate.

The mother was a woman of simple bourgeoisie tastes and prejudices. 2. Development of age 17 1. Interests Schelling's early interests appear to have been wholly scholastic and intellectual. At the university, his only recreation was walking.

2. Education After attending the local public school, Schelling passed at 8 to the private instruction of his father and certain students of the Parental Theological Seminary, as there was no Latin school in the neighbourhood. Under this superior tutelage, he became grounded in the essentials of the ancient languages. Attending was sent to the public school at Nuttingen, of which his uncle was principal. Returning at eleven and three-fourths, he entered his father's seminary, where he pursued learning for four years.

He was carefully instructed by two noted scholars and definitely trained to be a scholar himself. Of his teachers, one praised, the other reserved favour, but both were excellent mentors. After the boy had been the youngest member of two classes, and had seen both graduate, the father succeeded with some difficulty in arranging for the entrance of his precutious son at the Dubinian Theological School. Although young Schelling was three years under the usual age of admission to Tübingen,

he pursued the usual course, winning the master's degree at an age when other bright youths were only beginning the course. Frederick was deeply influenced during his course by Schilder, a world-known scholar and a former pupil of the elder Schelling. 3. School Standing on Progress At ten and one-third, Schelling passed the entrance test of the Nurtigen School with extraordinary ease. It was on this occasion that the mother learned for the first time that her son was a gifted boy.

At 10 and 3 4th, Schelling passed his first examination for admission to the seminary, and a year later the teacher informed the father that Frederick was advanced far beyond his classmates and could learn nothing more in that school. The boy was two or three years too young to enter the regular theological preparatory school, and so he was permitted to attend his father's classes.

Here young Frederick was associated with youths of 18 or 19, who were annoyed at first by the presence of a child, soon saw that this lad was their equal in knowledge and ability. The elder Schelling's colleague was enraptuous over the boy's performance, firmly believing that he saw in him the future support of church orthodoxy. At 13, Schelling had acquired the scholar's method.

At 15 and a half, he had attained the crowning accomplishment of students of his day. He was able to write down dictated German directly in Latin hexameters. He could also abstract or paraphrase Greek, Hebrew or Arabic. Its first philosophical readings seemed to him so clear and comprehensible that he thought perhaps a little arrogantly that he must have missed the point.

But when he came to Leibniz, he found there was still something to learn. At Tobin, Schelling was recognised as far superior to any in his class. As a disputant, he was distinguished above all his fellows, frequently confounding his teachers. He was always ready to furnish his classmates with points for debate.

4. Friends and Associates In his earlier years, Schelling's associates were his parents, his sister, his teachers, fellow students, and his father's pupils. At Tubingen, he was in distinguished company. His intimate friends were five years older than himself. They included Horber, a man of superior mathematical ability.

Hordelin, poet. Renz, the former student in Hegel's class. And Hegel, then regarded as a most intelligent, clear-headed, and able fellow. 5. Reading After a strictly supervised course of classical reading, Schelling at 12 or 13 had access for the first time to a library of fiction.

The anxious concern of his father was aroused when, for a time, the Hithero model lad was quite carried away by the new discovery. There was, however, little need for anxiety. The boy's zeal soon waned and he returned to his classics and scholarly works. In his father's extensive library he gained before he was 15 and a half, a wide acquaintance with the Greek and Latin writers. He had also read much on modern philosophy and had begun Plato, see also 2.6.

7. Production and Achievement At 10.11 Schelling wrote innumerable compositions in Greek and Latin, including metrical pieces in Latin. At 12 his essays included a discussion of the evidences of the divine origin of the scriptures, verses on the historical fulfilment of Biblical prophecy, Latin and Greek compositions, Latin districts, and sapphic strophes, a metrical translation after Louth, metrical German versions of Plutarch and Diodorus,

Latin translations of Greek epigrams, and original Latin epigrams. At 13 or 14, during his vacations, Schelling wrote a youthful but really scholarly monograph on the history of the cloister, Bebenhausen. Part 1 gives a description of the cloister and its surroundings. Part 2 gives a history, with exact source references and some critical comment.

An appendix contains German and Latin epitaphs and inscriptions, which the little paleologist, in long hours on hands and needs, had deciphered in the dark arcades. Notebooks are preserved from Schilling's teens, and they show not only such sureness in the knowledge of Latin grammar, as is seldom found at the end of the lower seminary, but in addition a distant gift for Latin style. They contain a German translation of a considerable part of the Hebdomadar,

as well as the Greek rendering of certain portions, skillfully executed Latin verses, hexameters and digits, essays on themes drawn from theology, history, philosophy, ethnology, psychology and ethics. At 15, or perhaps even earlier, Schelling wrote two long Latin poems. The first, in 81 districts, was addressed to England. He gives a description of that land of freedom and characterises the number of the men who made her great.

The verses on the proud and dominant spirit of the English are not unworthy of a poet. To this work was appended a long page of Greek hexameters on the same subject. The second Latin poem is a scholarly work on the great mother language. Another production of merit was the annotated Thucydides, completed by Schelling early in his 16th year. Latin comments on Pindazos, prepared about the same time, were the result of wide reading and clever interpretation.

Among independent studies carried on at Dubingen in his middle teens was a collection of Platonic myths with appended translations as some of the works included. 7. Evidence of the Placosity C2, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. AIIQ 175, Relative Coaching of Data, 0.8. 3. Development from 17 to 26.

At 17, Schilling presented and defended with brilliance his disputation for the master's degree, the subject and material of which he had, contrary to the usual custom, chosen himself. His first published work was written the same year. myths, historical legends and philosophies of the ancient world. Schelling was already regarded by Hegel and others as a champion of enlightened theology and scholastic rationalism.

Gradually, philosophical studies began to resolve his entire interest. He became a disciple of Kant and recognised in Fitch a Kittered spirit. At 19, his second essay on the possibility of a philosophical system was published by Fitch. The work placed its author in the front rank of living philosophical writers. His next publication was Letters on Dogmatism and Criticism.

Schelling was granted the theological degree at 20, having as before selected and worked up independently the material for his thesis. The eminent professor of Storr gave high praise to the performance of the brilliant young candidate. During the year appeared the ego as the principles of philosophy, which the teachings of Fitch are blended with those of Spinoza. Owing to the high pressure of work during his last year of study, Schelling's health began to fail. Hegel counselled care and rest, but instead of following this advice, Schelling obtained a post as Tudor, and this he held for two years.

During these years, he published a number of philosophical papers. His tutorial duties took him to Jenner and Weimar. At 23, he was appointed professor at the University of Jenner, where he was closely associated with Fitch and Hegel. He met Goethe and Schiller, was attracted by the former, but repelled by the latter. During the period of Schilling's professorship at Jena, the university reached the zenith of its philosophical fame.

Schilling's personality, his ego self-conscious, yet powerful genius, made him a true romantic type. His advent at Jena was greeted with enthusiasm by the romanticists. At 25, he had become their acknowledged leader. A II IQ 180 will have coached it upon it too. End of section 34.