menu_book Chapter 37

Section 37 of Genetic Studies of Genius, Volume 2, The Early Mental Traits of 300 Geniuses, by Catherine Cox. For more information or volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recorded by Leon Harvey. Chapter 24. Case Studies of Group B. Part 1. Robert Fulton, 1765-1815. An American Engineer and Inventor.

BIIQ 105, BIIIQ 115. 1. Family standing. Fulton's father was probably of Irish descent. For many years, he held offices of public trust in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Lady turned to farming, but without bettering his financial status.

He died when his son was three years old. The mother appears to have been a woman of superior attainments. 2. Development to age 17. 1. Interests Of Robert's early interests, it is reported that he was ingenious in mechanical experiments,

and that, like his older fellow townsman, Benjamin West, he displayed a taste for painting. This taste, however, he found it hard to gratify during the Revolutionary period, as materials were difficult to obtain, and sympathy for such a pastime was wanting. See also 2.6 2. Education

Until he was seven years old, Robert was taught at home by his mother. thereafter he attended the school of one Caleb Johnson a quaker and a tori three school standing on progress Robert did not distinguish himself at school for friends and associates when about 14 years of age she became acquainted with the mechanics young apprentice who is four years senior of

his other associates there is no specific record five reading no record six production achievement Robert's early mechanical achievements were various. He powdered out lead for a pencil, performed experiments with quicksilver, which however he was unwilling to describe, drew designs for firearms and became expert in determining the carrying distance of different

balls and balls. When he was about 13 he manufactured an air gun. Of his success however there is no record. Before he was 15 he manufactured a small working model of a fishing boat to be propelled by paddles. A set of paddle wheels operated by double crank motion, which were actually used on a fishing boat, are also attributed to his workmanship. 7. Evidence of precocity, C26.

BI IQ 105, relative coached at 0.11. 3. Development from 17 to 26. At 17, Fulton left his home in Lancaster and established himself in Philadelphia. Willing to undertake any available employment, he obtained orders for machinery and carriage designs, and executed a number of paintings, miniatures still extant.

By the age of 20, he had met with some success in his painting. At 21, he left Philadelphia and sailed for England, and there won the patronage of Benjamin West, probably working under the supervision of the elder artist. At the age of 25, Fulton exhibited two portraits in the Royal Academy

and four others in the collection of the Royal Society of British Artists. His work was favourably noticed, and financial as well as artistic success was in sight. BIIQ 115 Relative Cotient of Data 0.20 Mrs. Gaskell, Elizabeth Clogon-Stevenson, 1810-1865

An English novelist and biographer, BIIQ 110 BIIQ 115 One family standing. Mrs. Gaskell's father was at various times a Unitarian minister, a farmer, a boarding housekeeper for university students, and editor for Scots magazine. A contributor to the Edinburgh Review and a keeper of the records of the Treasury. Her mother, who died soon after her daughter's birth, was a member of a family of great account in Cheshire.

2. Development to age 17. 1. Interests, no record. 2. Education. From 14 to 16, Elizabeth attended a boarding school at Stratford-on-Avon, where she was taught Latin, French and Italian. At 16 or 17, she made several visits to London.

3. School standing on progress, no record. 4. Friends and Associates. No record has been found of others than relatives and school associates. 5. Reading. No record. 6. Production and Achievement. No record. 7. Evidences of Prococity. No record.

BIIQ 110. Relative Coastal Data 0.20. 3. Development from 17 to 26. Between the ages of 17 and 21, Elizabeth spent two winters at Newcastle and Tyne and the Seasnid at Edinburgh. The visits of the latter city furnished material for the introduction to Round the Sofa. According to latter family tradition, Elizabeth had written a short story before her marriage at the age of 21.

Through the interest in social problems of William Gaskell, Unitarian Minister of Manchester, who became her husband, the young author found an opportunity to reserve the labour conflicts of the cities, and this experience afforded material for her latter writings. BIIIQ 115, Letter of Courage of Data, 011. Philip H. Sheridan, 1831-1888, an American General, BIIQ 110-BIIQ 125.

1. Family Standing Sheridan's father, originally an Irish farmer, became a contractor in America, but after suffering financial reverses, returned to farming, although he remained in the country of his adoption. The mother, who was also a second cousin of the father, was said to possess excellent common sense and clear discernment, which in every way fitted her for her maternal duties. 2. Development to age 17 1. Interests

Sheridan's sole wish was to become a soldier, and his highest aspiration to go to West Point. 2. Education After receiving his earliest training under the guidance of his mother, he was sent, when old enough, to the village school, where he acquired a smattering of geography, history, arithmetic and grammar. 3. School studying and progress Sheridan was not unlike many other boys, for he played truant many a time.

4. Friends and Associates No specific information. See 2-3 5. Reading Between the ages of 15 and 17, Sheridan read so much and to such good advantage that he became a local authority in history. 6. Production Achievement

When about 14 years of age, Sheridan went to work in a grocery store. At 15, he was engaged by a competitor of his first employer. And before the year was out, he became bookkeeper in the dry goods store of the most enterprising man in the village, at a salary five times that received in his first employment. 7. Evidences of Precocity No Record

BIIQ 110 Relief Coach Data .43 3. Development from 17 to 26 At 17, Sheridan entered West Point, having, after zealous preparatory study, secured an appointment on his own initiative. His scholarship improved steadily from one term's examination to another, but at the age of 20 he was suspended for fighting a duel. Because of the offender's previous good conduct, the sentence imposed, in this case, was a light one.

At 22, Sheridan graduated at 34th in a class of 52, and the same year he was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the U.S. infantry. At 23, he was promoted to a second lieutenantcy. At 24, he was placed as the only officer in charge of 300 recruits, and during the same year, for services and subduing the Yakima Indians, he was specially mentioned for his gallantry in General Scott's report from Army Headquarters in New York. During his user service, Sheridan continued his self-instruction, chiefly in subjects connected with his profession.

BIIIQ 125 Relative Cognitive Data 0.60 Hans Christian Andersen, 1805-1875 A Danish novelist and poet, writer of fairy tales and travels. BIIIQ 115 BIIIQ 125 1. Family Standing

Hans Christian's great-grandmother, a member of a noble family, ran away from home to marry beneath her social status. The poet's father was a poor shoemaker of delicate health, endowed with a poetical nature, a fondness for reading, and a liberal religious faith. He desired more than all else the education and advancement of his son.

The poet's father was sensitive, gentle, and religious. 2. Development to age 17 1. Interests Hans Christian's earliest recollections were of Sunday walks in the woods with his father. At the age of three he was much impressed by the sight of Spanish soldiers, and at six the coming of the big comet aroused his superstitious delight.

During his childhood he took little interest in boys games at school, but remained sitting within doors, where his greatest pleasure was in making clothes for the dolls of his puppet show, or in gazing at imagined scenes among the sun-illuminated leaves. He early expressed a desire to go upon the stage, but his mother opposed his wish, urging him to become a tailor. 2. Education An old woman who had an ABC school taught Hans Christian his letters, to spell and to read-write.

Later the lad attended a boy's school. From his 13th to his 14th year he was enrolled in a charity school, where he received instruction in religion, writing and arithmetic. At this time he was also prepared for a confirmation by the provost. 3. School standing in progress

One day at the ABC school, having got a hit of the rod, I rose immediately, took my book, and without further ceremony, went home to my mother, asked that I might go to another school, and that was granted me. At the new school, the little fellow became a favourite of the teacher, who bettered him in various ways. Later, at the charity school, the lad appears to have done poor work in Othramitic,

but he must have shown ability in some subjects, for his mother, boasting of his good memory, said, House Christian does not need to open his book, as yet he knows his lesson. 4. Friends and Associates Hans Christian's associates were his parents, the neighbours, and his school companions. Among the latter was a little girl, the only one in tenets at the boys' school, who became a devoted comrade.

She remained his confidante until the youthful poet's imagination carried him beyond her practical comprehension, and she cried out, He is a fool like his grandfather. See also two six. 5. Reading Hans Christian's father had read Holberg's plays aloud to his son, and after the father's death, the boy, aged 11, continued alone the reading his father had begun, adding to Holberg's dramas the plays of Shakespeare.

More general works from a circulating library were available in the home of friends. In Copenhagen, Hans Christian, aged 16, bought old playbooks with his small earnings, and he read voluminously in the university library. 6. Production and Achievement At eleven or a little later, and during the period of his greatest interest in his pub theatre, Hans Christian began to write little plays.

The first of these, a tragedy borrowed from the old song of Paramus and Thisbe, was read aloud to all the neighbours by its author to his own great satisfaction and joy. Hans Christian was much surprised and depressed when one of his bearers ridiculed his production. After being comforted by his mother, he began a second piece in which a king and a queen were among the characters. To their majesties, in order to emphasize their rank, he gave speeches

peppered with English, French and German words. This play also he was pleased to read aloud. In a factory where the lad was at this time employed, the older workman performed his duties so that he might spend his time singing and acting for them. The boy was happy in these surroundings until a rude gibe from a fellow worker caused him to leave his job and the premises. At about the same time the boy gave expression to another phase in artistry by making a beautiful white

pincushion for an aristocratic lady whom he admired. At the age of 13 Hans Christian acted minor parts with the Royal Theatre Company in his native village and at 14 sure of a successful future on the stage he journeyed to Copenhagen armed with a letter of introduction to a well-known dancer. After many discouragements in the city he finally won the patronage of distinguished men. Through their kindness he received instruction in singing and in dancing at the Royal Theatre.

His joy was boundless when at length he was given a few small parts to act. During this time he tried his hand at writing but met with no success. 7. Evidences of Precocity When still quite small, Hans Christian was a welcome guest in the spinning room of the poorhouse and there on one occasion he delivered an illustrated lecture on anatomy to the inmates.

an effort that greatly impressed his elderly and decrepit audience. In his early years, he was considered a strange, clever child, who would not live long. His imagination was stimulated by the fairy stories he was told at the poorhouse, and by the sights he had seen in the neighbouring insane hospital. Once when gleaning with others in a forbidden harvest field,

he won the interest and patronage of the bailiff, who would have struck the little trespasser by exclaiming, How dare you strike me when God can see it? The strong, stirred man looked at him, patted him on the cheeks, asked his name and gave him money. Hans Christian's mother was led by this and other episodes to regard her son as an unusual child.

But among the boys he was derided as the playwright. He would study the list of persons in place and think out a whole comedy for himself. Often alone at home, for his mother went out to work, he occupied himself with his little puppet theatre. with the puppets and with their parts. Several influential families in the town nearby

became interested in Hans Christian and invited him to visit them. In the aristocratic houses he met, among others, Prince Christian, afterward King of Denmark. BIIQ 115 Relative Courage of Data 0.60

3. Development from 17 to 26 Anderson's first published work, a volume of miserable poems, appeared when its writer was 17. From his 18th to his 23rd year,

he attended school as a ward of the king. Although discouraged and unhappy, he seems to have done fairly well, for at 22 he was able to enter the university. At 23 he had written and published A Journey on Foot from the Holm Canal to the East Point of Amak, as well as a volume of minor works. The young author was much elated by praise and hurt by blame of his writings, for then, as always, he was sensitive and sentimental. Before he was 24, Edison had passed his second academic examination

with high honours. At 25, he made a long journey through his native country, the remembrance of which re-echoes and later works. BIIQ 125, Relative Cotient Data 0.60 William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879, an American Abolitionist. BIIQ 115, BIIQ 130. 1. Family Standing. Garrison's father as sea captain was remembered by his contemporaries

as a smart man, bright and most everything. Although possessing qualities had led to his being described as genial, social, and affectionate, he deserted his family when his son, William Lloyd, was three years old. The son wrote of his mother, her mind was one of the first order, clear, vigorous, creative, and lustrous, and sanctioned by an ever-glowing piety.

She was mirthed as well, and in a sense of the humorous. 2. Development to 817 1. Interests As a little boy, William Lloyd enjoyed games and sports such as hoops, swimming, skating, boating and snowballing, and marbles. When he was about 14, he wished to be apprenticed in a trade because, to quote his mother,

he could then go to work and help maintain his mother. A very good resolve for a child of 14. Garrison became interested in politics at an early age. He gave ardent support to the Federalist Party at a time when party feeling ran high in the state. 2. Education

After receiving his first training at the primary, or writing school, he was sent away from home for three months, at the age of six, to attend grammar school. At the close of this brief session, it was necessary for him to leave school to help own the family living. At ten, he so longed to return to school that he was sent back to the grammar school in Newburyport, where he remained until he was eleven.

Three, school standing in progress. In his earlier school days, Garrison was slow in mastering the alphabet, and so was surpassed even by his little sister, two and one half years his junior. Left-handedness, which the master insisted he must overcome, increased his difficulties, but finally, then in spite of all, he attained a good partnership.

Toward the end of his schooling in Newburyport, his mother wrote expressing a pleasure in his good behaviour and his improvement in school. For friends and associates, no record. 5 Reading William early evinced a taste for poetry. He was fond of fiction and romance.

6. Production and Achievement At six or before he began his business career, selling molasses candy on election and training days. Between six and nine, his singing voice was remarkable for its beauty, and he sometimes acted as chorister in the Baptist church.

When nine years old, he was apprenticed to a Quaker shoemaker and learned in a few months to make a tolerable shoe. A period of schooling was followed by an apprenticeship to a cabinetmaker. By the end of six weeks, aged about 12, he could make a toy bureau and help with veneering, but he was so homesick that he ran away.

Atenut the age of 13, he was apprenticed to the printer of the Newburyport Herald. He soon learned the printing trade, finding it a positive recreation. He quickly grew expert and accurate as a compositor, and greatly pleased the editor by his superior performance. At 16.5, his first published work appeared, a discussion, The Breach of the Marriage Promise, of the signature and old bachelor. A second communication in a similar vein followed in three days and a highly imaginative account of a shipwreck within a week.

A little later, the young journalist contributed two articles on South American affairs. 7. Evidences of Prococity, C2, 1 and 6 BIIQ 115, Relative Corship Data, 0.43 3. Development from 17 to 26 At the age of 20, Garrison completed his apprenticeship with the Herald and left his post with a considerable record of published political and literary articles.

From 20 to 25, he edited various papers, making his personality felt wherever he wrote. He was 22 when a visit from Lundy, anti-slavery advocate, determined him to devote his life to philanthropy and reform. A year later, he and his new friend entered into close cooperation when Garrison became editor of the Census of Universal Emancipation. At 24, Garrison was convicted of Lobel for publications upon the slave trade and imprisoned. At 25, he established the Liberator, whose policy was to demand immediate emancipation.

BII IQ 130, Relative Courage of Data, point six zero. 1. Family Standing Villiers' ancestors were men of high political standing. His paternal grandfather served with distinction as English minister in Germany and was the first Earl of Clarendon. The father does not appear to have displayed any commanding or endearing qualities.

He held various civil service appointments. The mother, a woman of great energy, admirable good sense and high feeling, was the only daughter of the First Lord, Borindon, and a descendant of Cromwell. 2. Development Waits 17 1. Interests

Letters written from college, the years entered at 16, indicate their writer's interest in horses, dogs and late dinners. They contain also vivid discussions of current events. The young student had a distaste for logic and an incapacity for mathematics, but a strong turn for languages. 2. Education

Nothing is known to Villiers' school days except that he received private instruction from the Masters of Christ's Hospital School. At 16 he entered St. John's College, Cambridge, where by his father's arrangement he prepared for lectures by reading with a private tutor. 3. School Standing and Progress 4. Friends and Associates Villiers was much attached to his beloved sister, the Reza, and during his college years carried on a voluminous correspondence with her.

5. Reading. No record. 6. Production and Achievement. No record. 7. Evidence of precocity. At the age of nine months, he cut his first tooth. BI IQ 1.20, Relief Couch of Data 0.20.

3. Development from 17 to 26. In accordance with an ancient university privilege awarded to descendants of royalty and members of the higher aristocracy, Villiers, aged 20, was admitted to the degree of MA without the preliminary BA. Through family influence, he became attached a little later to the embassy of Sir Charles Bagot at St Petersburg. At 23, and through the same influence, he was given a seat on the Board of Customs, where he rapidly attained popularity.

BII IQ, 825, Relative Courage of Data, 0.20. Ludwig Holberg, 1684-1754. The father of Danish drama and the greatest name in Danish literature. BIIQ 120, BIIQ 135. 1. Family Standing

Holberg's father was her first lieutenant who had risen from the ranks, and advanced by no means easy or usual in his day. The mother, a woman of keen intelligence, was the granddaughter of a bishop. 2. Development, wage 17. 1. Interests, C2 2.

2. Education After the death of his parents, Ludwig was taken into the home of an uncle who sent him, at the age of ten, to a Latin school in preparation for the profession of arms. His education was interrupted soon after, when he was adopted by a cousin, but later resumed because of his own keen desire. Again with his uncle, the boy continued to attend his Latin school until he was 18. 3. School standing and progress, no record

4. Friends and associates, no record 5. Reading, no record 6. Production and achievement, no record 7. Evidences of Prococity, C22 BIIQ 120, Relative Courage of Data, 0.20

Development from 17 to 26 Holbrook entered the University of Copenhagen at 18, interrupted his studies for a short period of tutoring, and then returning, received his university degree at the age of 20. He worked hard at French, English and Italian, and obtained honours in theology, but fund scholastic philosophy distasteful. A period of travel and tutoring followed. In the course of his journeys, he came to Oxford, where the great libraries first aroused in him the wish to be an author,

and to Hale, where he met the German philosopher Thomasius, whose influence is noticeable in his early work. At 25, the youth returned to Copenhagen, where he remained four years holding a teaching position in Borges College. BIIQ 135, Relative Coaching of Data 0.43. Robert E. Lee, 1807-1870, an American General. BIIQ 130, BIIQ 130.

1. Family Standing. Both of Lee's parents belonged to colonial families of high standing. The father, a member of an ancient family of Norman descent, and at one time governor of Virginia, is said to have been a more impetuous spirit than his son. The mother, who was for many years an invalid, taught Robert through her own example and important lesson in self-denial, self-control and economy.

2. Development to age 17 1. Interests Horses were always a delight to Robert, and as a boy he followed the hunt for hours without fatigue. 2. Education In order that the children might be educated, the family moved to Alexandria, and Lee's first attendance at school was at the academy of that city.

3. School standing and progress At school Robert was attentive, diligent, methodical and correct in deportment 4. Friends and associates, no record 5. Reading, no record 6. Production and achievement

After the death of his father, which occurred when he was 11, the boy served as housekeeper and nurse for his invalid mother, riding out with her in the carriage and doing the marketing for the family. 7. Evidence of precocity Both of his elder brothers were very clever and possibly overshadowed Robert, but the striking qualities of his character were early observable. Before he was eleven, his father wrote of him that he was always good.

At the age of eleven, when his father died, he was old beyond his years and of a thoughtfulness, a sense of fiel obligation and a warm affection for his parents that aid him to accept responsibilities of which few boys of his age would have been capable. As a lad of 15 or 16, he was considered by relatives a youth of great promise. See also 2.6.

BIIQ 130, relative coach data 0.43. 3. Development from 17 and 26. At 17 and 18, Lee was an exemplary student at Mr. Halliwell's school, preparatory to entering West Point. His speciality was finishing up.

At West Point, aged 18 to 22, Lee received not one demerit mark, and graduated second in the class of 46. Immediately afterward, he received an appointment as a second lieutenant of engineers in the seacoast defense. His marriage at 24 was a culmination of a romance which dated from his cadet days. BII IQ 130, Relative Cotient of Data 0.53

David Livingstone, 1813-1873, a celebrated African explorer and missionary. BII IQ 135, BII IQ 140 One family standing. marked by honesty, thrift, self-restraint, love of books, and the fear of God. 2. Development of age 17.

1. Interests. Livingstone's interest in study was intense. C. 2. 3. His reading apparently stimulated him to discover the countryside in holidays, collecting samples mentioned in Culpeper's herbal.

Before he was 10, he had begun to collect flowers and shells, and he liked sports, especially swimming and fishing. 2. Education. While employed in a cotton factory, Livingstone, aged 10 or more, studied Latin at the factory evening school. 3. School of Stanley and Progress

Even at the factory, where the workday lasted from 6am to 8pm, he would study while he worked, placing his book on the spinning jenny in front of him, and at home he would continue reading until midnight if his mother did not interfere. 4. Friends and Associates, known record 5. Reading During the factory period aged 10 to 19, Livingstone read everything he could get hold of except novels, which were banned by his father. He bought Ruddimens of Latin out of his first week's wages.

He learned to know Virgil and Horace well. Scientific books and books of travel were a special delight, but dry doctrinal reading were distasteful. The boy was whipped by his father for refusing to read Wilberforce's Practical Christianity. He disliked all religious reading until in his later teens he found, from Dick's philosophy of religion and the philosophy of our future state, that religion and science were not hostile. 6. Production Achievement

Before he was ten years old, Livingstone had won two-fold distinction. He had carried off the prize for repeating the whole of the 119th Psalm with only five hitches, and he had carved his name in the ruins of both Bothwell Castle and Ohio Point than any other boy. It is reported that he would scrub for his mother if the public were barred from seeing him at so feminine a task. Livingstone's work in the factory as piercer began in his 11th year. In holidays from his occupation, he collected wildflowers, carboniferous shells, and fossils,

and his own observation led him to question the explanation that when God made the rocks, he made the shells in them. 7. Evidences of Prococity At the age of 12, David began to reflect on his state of sinner, but he could not at that time reconcile religion and science. It's also 2, 3, 5 and 6. BIIQ 135, Relative Culture of Data, 0.43

3. Development from 17 to 26 Before the age of 19, Livingstone's missionary interest was aroused by the formation of a missionary society in Plantaeo, and at this time he determined to become a medical missionary in China. Promoted in the factory at 19 from piercing to cotton spinning, he was soon well enough paid to permit his attendance at medical and Greek classes in the winter

and divinity lectures in the summer. At 22 he attended also an evening class in chemistry, to which he walked 8 miles after the day's work. At 25 he was accepted for service by the London Missionary Society, a non-sectarian organisation,

and was sent for 3 months probationary training to a clerical tutor. B.I.I.I.Q. 140 Relative Cotional Data 0.43 Hugh Miller, 1802-1856, Scottish geologist and writer, BIIQ-135, BIIQ-130. 1. Family Sturning Miller's father, descendant from a long line of seafaring Scandinavians, at first put to sea at 7 or 8 years of age, and at 30 owned his own sloop.

He was the sturdiest among 500 able-bodied seamen, and was possessed of humour and a soft and genial nature. The mother, simple, confiding and affectionate, was much younger than her husband. 2. Development to 817 1. Interests During his school day, Hugh cared little for boyish amusements.

He preferred to spend his time wandering over pebble beds, learning to distinguish their various components, and so fond was he of his pastime that he played trawnt from school to indulge in it. He learned from an uncle to observe fish and sea animals. Alone in play, he carried out mock military tactics on the sand with different coloured shells for the various troops. During school vacations, he was the leader of a gang of boys and enjoyed exploring caves, living in wild places, and performing such pranks as apple-stealing.

2. Education At the age of four or five, Hugh learned to read at a dame school. Later, and until he was 14 years old, he attended the grammar school of the parish chromatry. From 14 to 16, he was enrolled in a subscription school. 3. School standing and progress

Under the guidance of an old dame, Hughes spelled his way through the shorter coachisms, the Proverbs and the New Testament. At the parish grammar school and on recommendation of his master, he was transferred from the English to the Latin form because he always substituted a synonym for a word missed in any of his English tasks. In rudiments, he was usually behind his school fellows, who were by no means bright, because he found the formal studies dull, but he excelled in translation because he could remember word for word the translation which the master gave when he assigned the lesson. At sixteen, having quarrelled with the master over the spelling of a word, he left school never to return.

Four, friends and associates. Only one friend, a boy younger than himself, would join Hugh in his earliest natural history excursions, Beledo and a adventurous gang followed the young naturalist and recognised him as their leader. 5. Reading Hugh learned at Dame School that the art of reading was the art of finding stories and books.

He spent out-of-school hours reading Bible stories. He collected a library of such books as Jack the Giant Killer, Sinbad the Sailor, Aladdin, from his 6th through his 11th year. His reading included Pope's Translation of the Odyssey and the Iliad, Pilgrim's Progress, Robinson Crusoe, Gulliver's Travels,

Ambrose on Angels, a rare copy of The Miracles of Nature and Art, and accounts of the voyages of Anson, Drake, Rayleigh, Dampier, and Captain Woods Rogers. At ten years of age, his patriotism was stirred by blind Harry's Wallace. Between the ages of six and sixteen, the boy used to read In School, For Pleasure, Trident's Virgil and Ovid.

An old book collector allowed the boy to read his volumes of the British essayist from Addison to Mackenzie. books of travel and translation from the German of Leventier, Zimmermann and Klopstock. Sometime during his early teens, Hugh began to read theological discussions. 6. Production and Achievement

When he was not more than ten years of age, his schoolmaster commended the sense of a poem of care, which he found in the boy's copy book, although he criticised the spelling, grammar and punctuation. During his early grammar school years, the boy, aged six to twelve, is to relate to his schoolmates all the stories he had read, in addition to new ones of his own invention,

of warriors, voyagers, and dwellers on desolate islands. Before he left the grammar school, he had made his first studies of earth and nature. It is reported that he discovered carnets on the shore by noting their resemblance to his mother's brooch, that he learned by observation to understand some of the simpler instincts of insects, and that he discovered in an old cave some burns of animals from another age.

He also constructed a miniature boat after the plan of a print he had seen in a book. At 10 or 12, he wrote in verse on account of his experience when trapped in a sea cave, winning praise from the townsfolk for his production. A little later, he was filling his copy books with verses and original prose. He is said to have edited a little paper of the Village Observer during this period.

On long tours with his cousin about the countryside, he would tell stories 10, 15 or 13 miles long, according to the length of the journey. At the age of 16, he constructed an ingenious path to an otherwise inaccessible rock, winning the esteem of an old soldier of Wellington's army by his device. 7. Evidences of Procrosity At or before the age of 5, Hugh had already acquired a knowledge of letters by studying trade signs where various articles were pictured and named.

BIIQ-135 Relative Coaching of Data 0.60 3. Development from 17 to 26 At 17, resisting the offers of two uncles, who volunteered to support him if he would go to college, Miller apprenticed himself for three years to a mason, the husband of his aunt. During the period of his apprenticeship, he collected geological specimens,

and in the evenings and on long holidays, studied and recorded his philosophic and poetic musings. From the age of 20 to 23, he was a journeyman mason, and from 22 to 23, a stonecutter, keeping up in the meantime both his reading and his writing. Problems written during this period were later published. B.I.I.Q. 130, Relative Kosher Data 0.53

Leon Gambetta, 1838-1882, a French statesman. B.I.I.Q. 140, B.I.I.I.Q. 140 1. Family Standing Gambetta's paternal ancestors had followed the sea. Although Leon's father, a man of reddy tongue, was respected for his honesty and integrity,

he did not strike his neighbours as either very intelligent or very prudent. The mother, daughter of her chemist, is said to have had a charming and affectionate disposition. 2. Development to age 17 1. Interests At the age of 12, Leon had decided to become a sailor.

He made his father's objection to this plan by saying, We die only when we have to. After all, one may escape the greatest dangers only to perish by some apparently trifling cause. The first demonstration of the boy's staunch republicanism occurred when, at the age of 11, he joined in burning Louis Napoleon in Evergy.

an exploit for which he was newly expelled from school. 2. Education At four years of age, Cambedo first attended school, and there he learned to read. The years from nine to fourteen were spent attending the seminary of Montfaucon, the succeeding four years at the Lacie of Cahors.

3. School Extending and Progress The boy's recitations, improvisations, and harangues to his schoolfellows at the seminary promised well for the future politician. His letters were those of an affectionate child, but a mediocre scholar. However, his first schoolmaster said that at ten years of age, he was more intelligent than most boys of that age.

So he was able, though giving less time to his studies, to do more than his schoolfellows. He excelled in history, Latin and composition. The same master also referred to his pupils keen, quick and observant mind. Although little Gambetta was careless of his appearance, and of his exercises, which were often dirty and untidy, Nevertheless, he won in the 8th form at the age of 9 or 10 a first prize for reading and a mention for history.

Improving in the 7th form at 10 or 11, he won prizes in history, geography and reading, and the highest mention for Latin, composition, history, geography and writing. In his 12th year, an accident which occasioned the loss of an eye was a cause of a delay in his school progress. By the age of 12, he began to rank 1st or 2nd in Latin in the class of 26. At 14 he received first prizes in ancient history and Latin version.

An honourable mention of the Greek and Latin themes, grammar and geography. The headmaster of La C. reported when Gambetta was 15, he had a great deal of aptitude. He is a good boy, but too thoughtless. He does not make as much progress as he ought to. At 16 or 17 he was told by his tutor that he had exceptional talents, particularly for oratory.

4. Friends and associates, no record. 5. Reading, no record. Sixth production achievement, no record. Seven, evidences of precocity. A note written by Gambetta at the age of 10 to his father concludes with a Republican cry,

Long live Kavagnac, down with Bonaparte. The young enthusiast early expressed the opinion that Napoleon was as stupid as an ostrich. See also 2-1. BIIQ 140, relative quotient of data, 0.75. Three, development from 17 to 26.

After finishing his college course, in which he had done good work in the classical languages, history and cosmography, he had won several prizes. Competitor, at 18, travelled for a time with his father in Italy, and then began the study of law in Paris. During the period of study, he contributed articles to a liberal journal. At 22, he passed his law examinations brilliantly, and the following year was practising law with noteworthy success. At 25, he was appointed a member of the Republican Committee to draw up the list of legislative candidates.

BIIQ 140 Relative Cultural Data 0.60 Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1804-1864 An American novelist. BIIQ 140 BIIQ 135 1. Family Standing

Hawthorne was descended from English colonial stock. His father, a sea captain, was a silent, reserved, stern, melancholy man who carried his books to sea. He was fond of children. The mother was beautiful and ascetic in the human rather than in the religious way. She is said to have fine traits of intellect and character.

2. Development to age 17 1. Interests Hawthorne wrote, One of the peculiarities of my boyhood was a grievous disinclination to go to school. As a very young child, Nathaniel had a strong desire to follow his father to sea.

A little later, his tastes were for the most part of a quieter sort. He was extremely fond of animals, and during a prolonged period of lameness, he amused himself by knitting a pair of socks for the household cat, and by constructing houses of books for her. Still, he was also a good deal of a sportsman as to fishing and hunting.

And when the family moved to Maine, he ran quite wild, learning in the Maine woods his cursed habit of solitude. In winter, he would skate alone until midnight. At 16, the youth suffered some indecision as to going to college, but finally, because of his thought of becoming an author, he became reconciled to the idea.

2. Education Hawthorne went to school half as much as other boys, partially owing to delicate health, and partially because, for much of his time, there were no schools within reach. He carried on his primary studies with a tutor, and also attended dancing school. From 13 to 15 he had regular schooling with a somewhat eccentric graduate of Harvard.

At 15 he attended school in Salem to prepare for college, and at 16 he studied with a lawyer. 3. School standing in progress. No record except of his dislike for school, C2-1. 4. Friends and associates. None of his associates are mentioned other than relatives, including especially his sister.

With her he carried on an intimate correspondence when she was absent from home. 5. Reading. When he was six years old, Hawthorne's favourite book was Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, which he would read by the hour without once speaking. During his period of lameness, aged 9 to 12, he would read all day long, especially Shakespeare, Pilgrim's Progress, and any poetry within reach. He also made himself familiar with Spencer's Fairy Queen, Frosite's Chronicles, and Clarendon's History of the Rebellion, Milton, Pope's Ciliad, and The Spectator.

Stern comments that it is somewhat exceptional for a child of ten to enjoy the Fairy Queen. Hawthorne was the exceptional child, and this book was the first that he bought with his own money. At 15, he was reading Waverly and other romances. At 16, he had read all of Scott's novels, then published except The Epit. Sook's production achievement.

During the years of his lameness, Nathaniel sometimes invented contemporaneous stories, and these invariably commenced with a voyage to some foreign country. A letter to his uncle is preserved, written at the age of nine, in which he discusses in a childlike but intelligent fashion his lameness and the prospects for his recovery. At twelve and a half he composed a poem, and this was followed before the age of seventeen by a number of other literary productions.

He is said also to have kept a diary in his early teens. At sixteen he earned some money by writing in the office of an uncle. At the same age, he put out five successive issues of The Spectator, a weekly journal, printed with pen on a small notepaper. His contributions show a dry humour and mastery of the art of presenting true fiction. 7. Evidences of Precocity At five, Nathaniel was a vivacious golden-haired boy, running and dancing at play.

When he could scarcely speak plainly, he would go about the house, repeating for him an emphasis certain stagy lines from Shakespeare's Richard III, which he had overheard from older persons about him. In boyhood, he already displayed a tendency toward a dry humour. It is related how he gave an excuse for frequent fights with John Knights,

that John Knights is a boy with a very quarrelsome disposition. So also two, five and six. BIIQ 140, Relative Curriculum Data, 0.75 3. Development from 17 and 26 Hawthorne entered Baldoyne College at 17, and during the next four years, he did commemoratable work in Latin and English composition, though he was slow in mathematics and metaphysics.

In spite of the fact that he was, according to his latter admission, an idle student negligent of college rules, he assimilated the knowledge that he cared for with great ease. By that college he determined to become an author and he wrote several tales unpublished before four sure appeared. The letter was published by the author, then in his 25th year at his own expense. BIIIQ 135 Relative Cotient of Data 0.60 End of section 37