menu_book Chapter 27

Section 27 of Genetic Studies of Genius, Volume 2, The Early Mental Traits of 300 Geniuses, by Catherine Cox. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recorded by Leon Harvey. Chapter 18, Cases Rated at AIIQ 140-150, Part 4. Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790

An American diplomat, statesman and scientist AIIQ 145 AIIQ 145 1. Family Standing The Franklins were originally Smiths in a Northampton village.

Benjamin's father, an ingenious man of many talents, endowed with sound understanding and solid judgment, had been bred at Dyer, but became a tallow chandler and a soap boiler. He emigrated to America. Franklin's mother was a daughter of a godly learned Englishman who was something of a poet. 2. Development to age 17 1. Interests

Franklin was fond of the water, at an early age became an excellent swimmer and a skilful navigator of small boats. He was chosen captain of boating expeditions and was often the leader in other enterprises. He was apt also to make ingenious inventions, such as pallets for rapid swimming or a kite for accelerating progress. At 15, his reading of theological works produced doubts in his mind as to religious doctrine, but he continued to read and study both religious and secular works at night, early in the mornings, and on Sundays.

He also gratified his love for debate by arguments with a bookish friend. 2. Education At the age of 8, Franklin was sent to the grammar school, for his father intended him for the church. By the end of the year, he was withdrawn because the expensive training was too great. At nine he was sent to a school where writing and arithmetic were taught.

From the age of ten to twelve he was apprenticed to his father to learn soap and candle making, but he disliked the trade and was only, with difficulty, dissuaded by his father from going to sea. The older Franklin took his son to see joiners, turners and other tradesmen at their work, hoping to interest him in some trade. At the age of twelve Franklin was apprenticed to a cutler, but a little later, recognising

his bookish proclivities, his father determined to make him a printer. 3. Schoolstanding and Progress Franklin's early readiness in learning to read, for he could not remember the time when he could not read, and the opinion of his friends that this boy would certainly make a good scholar, encouraged the father to continue his son's education.

At school, Franklin, aged 8 to 9, rose from the middle of the class of that year to be its head. He then skipped one class and was promoted to the third. Flagon states that at his second school he made progress in writing, but failed in arithmetic. Ashamed of his ignorance in the latter subject, he determined, at sixteen, to master it once for all. He proceeded to go through arithmetic and two books of navigation, and this with ease, and learned also the geometry there contained.

4. Friends and Associates John Collins, the studious boy, was Franklin's associate in discussion and argument. 5. Reading An uncle proposed to give Franklin all his shorthand volumes of sermons if the boy would learn his character, and this he accordingly did. At an early age, Franklin was fond of books.

He read Pilgrim's Progress and bought, for his own use, Bunyan's works in little volumes, which, however, he led a sold to by Burton's historical collections. In his father's library, he read works on theology, Plutarch's Lives, Devo's essays on projects, and Martha's essays to do good. During his period of apprenticeship to his brother Franklin, aged 12 to 16, had access to better books than before, notably in the library of Mr. Matthew Adams, and he often sat up the greater part of the night reading. From his careful reading of refutations of the teaching of the deists, Franklin became convinced of the deist position. From a study of the third volume of The Spectator, he evolved a method of learning the art of prose writing.

At 16 he read Locke on the Human Understanding, Pascal's Provincial Letters, The Art of Thinking, and most of the works of Cabanus in translation, which delighted him. He studied in English grammar, read Xenophon's Memorable Things of Socrates, and adopted the Socratic method in argument. He also read Shaftesbury and Collins. He saved enough by boarding himself to buy books, and he reserved the dinner hour for study. Souk's Production and Achievement

While apprenticed to his brother, Franklin attained great proficiency as a printer's assistant. At 15, took a fancy to poetry and, encouraged by his brother, wrote little verses. The Lighthouse Tragedy and the Sailor's Song on the Taken of a notorious pirate were produced at this time. The former printed and sold about town had a great vogue, but in spite of this, the young poet was turned from verse writing by the ridicule of his father.

Anonymous contributions to his brother's paper were however accepted and inserted. In disputation and argument frankly developed such skill that few could not stand against him. 7. Evidences of Precocity, no further record. AI IQ 145, Relative Cotial Data 0.60. 3. Development from 17 to 26. When Benjamin was 17, his brother was committed to prison for political writings,

and the younger man assumed charge of the newspaper. Shortly afterward, a fortunate accident gave young Franklin a chance to escape from his indentures, and he went to New York and thence later to Philadelphia. He reached the latter town in poverty, but soon secured employment as the printer's assistant. His talents attracted the attention of the governor, and soon, through his patronage,

Benjamin achieved comfort and influence. The governor offered to set him up in an independent business, and Franklin spent the next 18 months in England in preparation for a career as a printer. In England he secured employment in a printing house, and soon had a high reputation as a workman. Shortly afterward, he published a metaphysical pamphlet, and this was a means of introducing him to many interesting people.

He was noted too for his skill in swimming, and won quite a vogue as a swimming teacher. At 20, Flay can return home to Philadelphia to his own business, and here he showed his inventive capacity by making an occasion both type and ink. Owing to his great skill, he was invited by his former master to return to the old business in order to assist in filling a government order for printing paper money. Franklin soon became associated with prominent local men, such as members of the assembly and judges, and he founded a debating society. By the time he was 24, his printing business had supplanted those of his competitors, and now by means of an article of his own on the nature and necessity of paper currency, he received a large order to print the currency which was voted shortly after.

In 25 years he established one of the first circulating libraries, and in the following year published the first volume of Paul Richard, which proved to be a great success. AIIQ 145, Relief Quotient Data 0.60 Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642, a famous Italian physicist and astronomer. AIIQ 145, AIIQ 165 One, family standing.

Galileo was descended from a noble Florentine family, long and honourably connected with the governing bodies of the Republic. His father, Vincenzino, a businessman of scanty income, was well endowed intellectually. His published works on music show evidence of great knowledge and laborious research, in a spirit of inquiry independent of authority and tradition. There is no record of Galileo's mother beyond her name.

2. Development to 817 1. Interests Young Galileo's favourite pastime was the construction of ingenious toy machines, but he had taste and skill in artistic as well as practical pursuits. He was a credible performer on several musical instruments, among which the lute was his favourite.

He showed considerable skill in drawing and painting, and thought, at one time, of becoming a painter, and he was also very fond of poetry. While engaged in study in the Vellumbrosa Monastery, the religious life of the church appeared so attractive to him that he became a novitiate of that order. 2. Education

Until the age of 12, Galileo received his education partly in the school of Chacobo Borghini, and partially at home, where his father, who had an extensive knowledge of Greek and Latin literature, helped him in lessons in these languages.

He was sent to the far-famed Monastery of Vellombrosa for the regulatory education of a well-born youth. There he studied Greek and Latin readily, but showed little taste for logic. His father removed him at 15 to make of him a cloth dealer, but soon selected a scientific career as more fitted to the son's superior abilities.

Medicine was chosen as a remunerative branch, and at 17 Galileo was sent to the University of Pisa to take the medical course. 3. School standing and progress. From his early boyhood, Galileo was remarkable for intellectual aptitude of various kinds. 4. Friends and associates. His reputation as a drutzman and colorist brought several artists to him, seeking his criticism of their work.

Sigourley once said that Galileo alone had been his teacher in perspective. 5. Reading Galileo was very fond of poetry. 6. Production and Achievement As a boy he showed considerable mechanical inventiveness.

His father taught him the theory and practice of music, and the boy became so skillful with the lute that he excelled his father in charmer style and delicacy of touch. 7. Evidences of Prococity, when we further record. AI IQ 145, Relative Cushion of Data 0.53. 3. Development from 17 and 26. Galileo's teacher of medicine at Pisa was a celebrated physician and botanist, Andrea Cesar Pino.

Galileo never had a relish for the subject of his study, and after nearly four years left the university without taking the doctor's degree. In the philosophical classes, he tried to understand and often dared to contradict an unheard of audacity in one so young. When 18, one day in the Cathedral of Pisa, so the story goes, his attention became attracted to the swinging lamp, and he observed that the oscillations, gradually becoming less and less in amplitude, were all performed in the same time, as proved by his pulse. On this principle, he constructed an instrument called pulsilogia, which long remained in general use by physicians.

Galileo first learned mathematics at 19 on becoming acquainted with Ritchie, an able mathematician and tutor to the Grand Duocle pages. Soon he became interested in the study of Euclid, and he devoted himself, heart and soul to mathematics to the exclusion of medicine. At 22 he constructed the hydrostatic balance. An essay on the centre of gravity and solid bodies brought him fame throughout Italy, but his applications for the chair of mathematics Ballona at Padua and at Pisa were made of no success until he was 25,

when he became professor of mathematics at Pisa. About this time he discovered the cycloid. The results of his research as emotion were given in his treatise De Montu Graviam, written when its author was 26. A.I.I.I.Q. 165, Relative Culture of Data 0.60 Edward Gibbon, 1737-1794

A famous English historian, AIIQ 145, AIIQ 155 One family standing. Gibbon's paternal grandfather was a man of high ability as a master of commerce and a financier, who made two fortunes and lost one. The father was a well-educated but a weak and impulsive individual who moved greatly in the highest circles of society and lived always beyond his means. The mother, daughter of a merchant, was a noble lady of elegant manners and many talents, whose energy was chiefly devoted to checking her husband's excesses.

2. Development to age 17 1. Interests Want of physical strength disqualified little Gibbon from athletic sports, and so, at an early age, he became a great reader. At 13, an interest in history was aroused and became all-absorbing. C2-5

At sixteen, Gibbon was converted to Catholicism by reading Boset, and on his own initiative was received into the Catholic Church. His act amounted at that time to high treason, and the gates of Oxford were closed to him as a Catholic forever. From childhood he had been fond of religious disputation, and at Oxford, idleness drove him back to it again. 2. Education Because of his frail health, the training of Gibbon's mind had to be neglected for the culture of his body.

Nevertheless, instruction was not entirely omitted. His first schooling was received from his aunt, an able woman of excellent gifts. From the age of seven to eight and a half, he was instructed by a tutor in arithmetic and the rudiments of English and Latin. At the age of nine, as his health was improved, he was sent for a time to a boys' school, and he at the time almost overwhelmed the timid lad. At ten or eleven, on the death of his mother, he left this school and resided for a time with his admirable aunt.

He then entered Westminster School, where he remained for two years. From 13 to 15, while undergoing treatment for a strange nervous difficulty, he had tutors with whom, when he was free from pain, he read such that the classical writers had attracted him. Recovering his health, he was sent at 15 to boarding school, but his tutor gave him no instruction. The same year he matriculated at Oxford, where he spent 14 months highly and unprofitably. His 17th year passed in exile in Switzerland, while a Swiss Calvinist pastor fulfilled two duties laid upon him by Gibbon's relatives.

He superintended the young man's studies and reconverted him to Protestantism. Study in Lausanne during the next four years laid a large part of the foundation of Gibbon's extensive learning. 3. School Standing on Progress At Westminster School, Gibbon had, at the age of 13, climbed to the third form. At Oxford he was bored by the dull and inferior atmosphere,

and so he spent most of his days there in travel about the country or in desultory study. 4. Friends and Associates Gibbon was shy, and the only associate or friends reported before he was 17 were his parents, his aunt and his tutors. At college he stood coldly aloof from his fellow students and their gaiety, preferring the companionship of his tutor. 5. Reading

At nine, Gibbon studied Praedrus and Nepos, and was acquainted with Pope's Homer and the Arabianites. At the age of nine, ten, or eleven, he read Dryden's Virgil, Ovid's Metamorphosis, and many volumes of English poetry, romance, history, and travel. During the period of ill health, from his fourteenth to his sixteenth year, he was comforted by a wide but desultory reading, especially in ancient, modern, and universal history. In his fifteenth year he stumbled on Oriental history, and before he was sixteen he had read everything he could find in English on the subject. 6. Production and Achievement

At the age of fifteen Gibbon made his first known attempt at writing history, an unfinished but ingenious essay titled The Age of Cecil Triss, in which he reported an investigation concerning the probable date of the life and reign of the conqueror of Asia. 7. Evidences of Necrosity In childhood Gibbon was praised for his readiness with which he could multiply and divide, by memory alone, two whole sums of several figures. His innate rising curiosity made him old beyond his years and removed, when he was 10 or 11, all distance between him and his aunt, so that they conversed on every topic, familiar or obtrusive.

Sometime between 14 and 16, Gibbon attempted to weigh the various systems of calculating time, and his sleep is said to have been disturbed at this period by the difficulty of reconciling the Septuagint with the Hebrew computation. When Gibbon entered Oxford at 15, his stock of erudition might have puzzled a doctor, while of his ignorance a schoolboy would have been ashamed. The other gentlemen, commoners, who were disposed to laugh at Gibbon, were told by his tutor that,

where their heads all scooped, Gibbon had brains enough to fill them all. AI IQ 145, relative coverage of data 0.53. 3. Development from 17 to 26. Gibbon spent five years, age 16 to 21, at Lusanne, Switzerland, where he became, in point of view, a continental European.

While French became the natural language of his thought and expression, he studied systematically and thoroughly both the Latin and Greek classics. After a love affair at 20, he returned to England. At 22, he was commissioned captain in the militia and spent the next three years in military service, years which, although extremely distasteful, were of great service to him later as an historian.

At 24, he published his essay on the study of literature. At about this time, it is recorded that he read, in Homer, about a book a week, this being apparently the first reading of the Greek classic in the original. Gibbon was freed from further military service by the disbanding of the militia when he was 25, and soon after he took advantage of the opportunity to undertake another continental journey.

AIIQ 155 Relief Cospital Tate at 0.53 Sir William Herschel, 1738-1822 A celebrated English astronomer of German birth. AIIQ 145 AIIQ 140

One family standing. The Herschel family had been driven from Moravia because of their steadfast Protestantism. William's grandfather, the son of a brewer, was a landscape gardener of versatile gifts who had acquired some distinction in the service of the King of Saxony. The father was intended for the same occupation, but having no interest in it,

and being possessed of a gift for music, he studied the art and became oboe player in the Hanoverian Guards. A man of high talent and wide culture, he was, because of his limited and specialised training, never in other than stratified circumstances. It was therefore his wish that his children should have the general education that he lacked. The mother, a typical horsefrau, believed the sorrows of the family were the result of too much education,

and she favoured and petted her less-abled children at the expense of the more gifted. 2. Development to age 17 1. Interests Before he was 14 and out of school hours, William Herschel attempted to learn what his master knew of Latin and arithmetic. His insatiable desire for knowledge, thus early awakened,

resulted in a steadfast resolve to devote himself to study and so on. Although he loved music exceedingly, he determined to devote every spare moment to increasing his knowledge of science and literature, in which he expected to find his future happiness. Lively discussions on philosophical questions often kept the boy and his father from sleep all night,

and young William would frequently continue to discourse with his brother, without an interest on his part until his less enthusiastic companion was fast asleep. 2. Education Herschel was taught to play a violin as soon as he was able to hold one. At the age of four he was sent on a table to render a solo on a diminutive instrument especially made for him.

At an early age he was sent to school to learn the three R's and a little letter French and English. In order that he might acquire a perfect knowledge of the theory as well as the practice of music, He was early set to study mathematics in all its branches, algebra, conic sections, inifetismal analysis, and the rest. In the army from his 15th to his 20th year, he had an opportunity for improving his knowledge

of music, and also for increasing his acquaintance with French. Seeing his pupils' interest, the French teacher did not confine instruction to the grammar and vocables only, but encouraged the taste he found for the study of philosophy, especially logic, ethics and metaphysics, and these subjects became Herschel's favourite pursuits. 3. School standing on progress.

At school, Herschel's splendid talents early displayed themselves, and the teacher soon confessed that the pupil had got beyond his master. The boy readily learned every task assigned, and soon arrived at such a degree of perfection, especially in arithmetic, that the head of the school made use of him as an assistant in instruction to hear the younger boys say their lessons, and to examine their arithmetical calculations.

Although William was four years younger than his brother Jacob, when the two brothers had lessons in French, the younger mastered the language in half the time required by the older. Four, friends and associates. Teachers and members of the family are the only associates mentioned. Five, reading, no specific record. Six, production and achievement.

At the age of fourteen, Herschel was an excellent performer on the abode at Violin, and at fourteen and a half he became urbanist in the regiment band, a position which he held until he was nineteen. His talent in playing both instruments was marked. He won expressions of approval when playing before his general, and at 16 he was frequently introduced as a solo performer and assistant in the chord orchestra. Herschel had a gift of manual dexterity,

and with his father frequently contrived self-made mathematical instruments such as a neatly tuned 4-inch globe upon which he had engraved the equator and ecliptic. 7. Evidences of Prococity, C2, 2, 3 and 6 AIIQ 145, Relief Coastal Data 0.60 3. Development from 17 to 26

When William was 17, his regiment received orders to proceed to England, and he with his father and brother, who were members of the same military band, accompanied their division. On his return to the continent a year later, the Seven Years' War was raging, and soon young Herschel's health began to suffer from long and hard marches.

In order to escape conscription, he was sent back, at 19, to England with his brother Jacob. Both boys obtained work in music, and the next year William was appointed headmaster to the Der Haminitia. Within two years he wrote six symphonies. At 23 and a half he became manager of concerts at Leeds, and before he was 24 he had acquired a recognised position as a teacher of music, beside winning praise for his compositions and deriving pleasure from his private study of Italian, Latin and Greek.

After a short visit at home, he returned to England aged 25 and a half, and a little later, at 27, was appointed church organist in Halifax. AIIIQ 140, Lillard Coaster, data 0.53. George Frederick Handel, 1685-1759, a celebrated German composer. AIIIQ 145, AIIIQ 155.

1. Family Sterning. Handel's father sprang from that old, burguesaie stock of the 17th century, which was such excellent soil for genius and for faith. Originally a barber, the elder Handel later became a surgeon, and through the exercise of his profession, the trusted personal advisor of the Duke of Saxony. Two traits were particularly conspicuous of him, a fertility and a religious attachment to duty. The mother who belonged to a clerical family was pious and gentle and, like her husband, a wholesome, upright character.

2. Developmental age 17 1. Interests George's earliest delight was a mimic orchestra of toy drums and trumpets, horns and flutes, and Jews' hypes. The father, who had determined to educate his son for the law, bore passionately with this interest at first, but finding it was rapidly developing into a passion if he had paid his son to practice or listen to music.

But George, aged five or six, contrived, and with the aid of a relative, to smuggle a clever chord to the garret, where he would secretly play after the family had gone to sleep. 2. Education Hannah was first sent to school at the age of 5 or 6. At 7 he received musical instruction from Sackal, the organist of the Leibfunkers,

but he continued his schoolwork as before. The boy is said to have passed the years from 12 to 17 at the gymnasium and to have received during this period counsel if not precisely instruction from the learned Sackal. 3. School standing in progress George's organ teacher believed in hard work, as he required his pupil, age 10, to produce a church cantata every week.

It is not surprising that Handel later admitted that he worked like a devil in those days. Before he was 17, he was sufficiently advanced to act often as Zekow's assistant. 4. Friends and Associates, no record. 5. Reading, no record. 6. Production Achievement.

A set of triodes for two abodes and bass discovered years after the time of their production were recognised by Handel as his work composed at the age of ten years. Even Mozart wrote nothing at that age, writes a critic, that it can be compared with them for freshness of melody and maturity of musianship. If they are the triodes printed in the Handel gets a less shafted edition. Those years of hard work gave Handel all the learning his master could impart, as the latter himself confessed. When he was about eleven years of age, George was taken by his father to Berlin and introduced to the court of the elector.

The bonds of etiquette dissolved in the boy's presence, and the courtiers vied with each other in singing the praises of the wonderful child, whose performance upon her prescord and organ put to shame the grey-haired professors of music. 7. Evidences of Precocity On his visit with his father to a relative employed in the household of Duke, Johann Adolf, the boy aged 11, by his amazing musical precocity, so won the hearts of the Duke's musicians and of the Duke himself that the whole court conspired to persuade the elder Handel, although without a veil, to allow his son to devote himself to a musical career. A second triumph in Berlin before young Handel reached his 13th year inspired the elector to offer to complete the boy's education in Italy, and on his return to give him a suitable position at Berlin, but this offer was declined by the boy's father. See also 2, 1 and 6.

AI IQ 145, Relative Co-State Data 0.53 3. Development from 17 to 26 Handel matriculated at the University of Hale at the age of 17. But soon after, when he accepted an appointment as organist at the Schlosskirch, his duties threatened to interfere seriously with his legal studies.

Within a year, he went again to Berlin, and there he met and received encouragement from young Johann Metzen, and that time an influential member of musical circles in the capital. Emira, produced when Handel was 20, lifted the young composer to the front ranks. His first opera ran successfully for six weeks and was then replaced by a second, Nero.

Between 21 and 25, Handel spent some time in Italy where he produced two operas, two Oresios and several Choral and Soul Cantanas. Before his 26, he was offered the post of Kaplermeister to the Elector of Hanover, which he accepted on the condition that he might first visit England. AIIQ 155 Relative Coastal Data 0.60

Frederick William von Humboldt 1767-1835 A German philosopher and author AIIQ 145 AIIIQ 165

1. Family standing C. Alexander von Humboldt, his brother Page 472 of F 2. Development to age 17 1. Interests

The Humboldt family lived in the winter in their Berlin townhouse in the midst of court life and the summer surrounded by country atmosphere on the beautiful estate of Tegel.

From his earliest years, Wilhelm could barely repress the desire to see and know as much as possible about everything that surrounded him, and was not content till every idea that presented itself before him was worked out in his own mind and thoroughly appropriated. For the most part, his interests were intellectual, literary and artistic,

and it is apparently a curious contradiction to his other tastes that music was intolable to him. 2. Education Wilhelm and his brother Alexander received instruction from very capable private tutors, who later became distinguished in various fields.

Camp, the well-known writer of children's books, taught the three-year-old William to read and write, and within the following year instructed him in history and geography as well. From his fifth to his eleventh year, Wilhelm had two tutors, Koblenk, later a preacher of high standing in Berlin, and Klusner. Afterward, councilor to the little dukdom of Sonnberg.

During the next ten years, Kuntz directed the Humboldt Brothers' education. He was a young man gifted with a character of remarkable excellence, who had received a liberal education and acquired secretly courtly manners, and who later attained the dignity of actual privy councilor. Although Kuntz did not himself give the boys formal instructions,

his task with them on citizenship, philanthropy, etc. had a formative influence. When Wilhelm was twelve, his father died. The mother then took charge of her son's education, sparing no expense in securing the services of the best masters and relying upon trained judgment in the matter of their selection.

The principal intellectual nourishment of these years, which was in Latin, Greek and mathematics, was provided by Professor Vizier, a pedagogue whose mathematical school post-continued in use long after his death. Loffer, a man of advanced thought,

and later a famous professor and counsellor, expounded the principles of Greek and Latin. Letters by Professor Engel, author of popular philosophy, introduced the boys to the wide field of science. Three, school's sturning and progress.

One day the noted physician Heim explained to the young Humboldts that 24 classes of the Linnaean system of botany and Wilhelm, aged 14, readily comprehended retaining the names of that difficulty. Professor Fisher derived unusual pleasure from the hours passed in giving instruction to the Humboldt boys.

cheered by the bright hopes later so happily fulfilled. To Professor Engel is attributed the development in Wilhelm of that moderate, practical, rational and humane philosophy which distinguished his latter writings. Four friends and associates.

The boy's father often entertained distinguished guests in his home. Not infrequently, the heir to the throne visited the Humboldt country seat and Goethe was, on one occasion, when Wilhelm was eleven years old, a welcome guest at Tickle. Wilhelm and his brother Alexander, two years his junior, spent their childhood and early youth in inseparable companionship,

and although very different in temperament, they remained always bestful friends. Wilhelm for his learning was anything but dependent. He was ever ready to raise a laugh, and was made an idol of, by all, the house. 5. Reading, no record. 6. Production Achievement, no record.

7. Evidences of Prococity, no further record. AIIQ 145 Relative Culture Data 0.60 3. Development from 17 to 26 In his 19th year, Wilhelm attended a series of lectures upon political economy given by Don, an official in the State Department of Trade and Commerce,

and followed a discussion on law and jurisprudence by Klein, councillor of the Supreme Court of Judicature and a compiler of the new Code of Law in Prussia. In modern languages, he, with his brother, was instructed by Professor Libauds de Nans, tutor to the royal family and editor of a French paper in Berlin. Though friendly intercourse with Moses Mendelssohn,

both youths gained valuable lessons in philanthropy and philosophy. David Freydander directed their minds to correct views on important points in practical philosophy, views that were ahead of the times. As the youths of 16 and 18, the Humboldt brothers were received into a select group of intellectuals, disciples of Lessing and Kant,

and Wilhelm's first paper, published when its author was 19, gives evidence of the influence of this association. Both brothers attended lectures on physics by the Jewish physician Marcus Hearns, whose home was the centre of culture. When Wilhelm was 20, he and Alexander entered the University of Frankfurt on the Ordo, where, however, they attended few lectures, receiving most of their instruction under private tutors. At this time, Wilhelm was engaged in reviewing for Engel the entire philosophic and scientific literature of Germany.

At the age of 21, Wilhelm removed to the University of Göttingen, where he devoted himself to the study of archaeology and Kantian philosophy. He became an honored member of the Romantic group, whom he met in the house of the celebrated phylogist Hein. He made several journeys on the Rhine to Paris and to Switzerland. He read and studied and made new friendships, chief among them those with Schiller and Wolff. After brief but to him distasteful service in the court of Berlin, and following his marriage to Caroline von Dacherorden,

a woman of high order of intellect and great charm, he retired from public life before he was 25 to devote himself entirely to study. One of his most interesting historical essays dates from the first year of this intensive literary activity. AIIQ-165 Relief Crosher Data 0.75 Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826 The third President of the United States

AIIQ-145 AIIQ-150 One Family Standing The American representatives of the Welsh family of Jefferson numbered several members of the Virginia House of Brighissis. Thomas Jefferson's father was a country surveyor.

one of the three original justices of the peace, a colonel and also a member of the House of Brick S. He was a man of strong mind and sound judgment, eager for education. He was at one time appointed with the Professor of Mathematics of William and Mary College to continue the boundary line between Virginia and North Carolina and to make the first map of the state of Virginia.

The mother's family included barrios, churchmen, statesmen and eminent scholars. The maternal grandfather was a colonial gentleman, a tobacco lord, wealthy, intelligent, generous, good-natured, well-respected. The mother herself, an admirable housekeeper, was an agreeable woman of clear and strong understanding, possessing the usual amount of education for a woman of her day in class.

2. Development to age 17 1. Interests Thomas was fond of hunting, riding, and other outdoor sports, followed on the old Virginia estates. But he was no less addicted to mental exercise. His service for knowledge was insatiable, and he seized equally all means of satisfying it.

2. Education From the age of five until he was nine, Jefferson attended the English school. Music lessons begun earlier in this period were continued about twelve years. From his tenth to his fifteenth year, the boy attended the Latin school, learning there the rudiments of Latin, Greek and French,

and at the same time continuing his practice on the violin three hours a day. At the age of fourteen, and after the death of his father, Jefferson entered the Latin school on Mr. Mori. Here the classical languages were the only studies taught. 3. School Standing and Progress

Jefferson was noted at Moray School for scholarship, industry and shyness. If a holiday were desired, it was not he who could be induced to ask for it, though he urged others to the venture. And if the requests were granted, he would first of all withdraw from the noisy crowd of his school fellows, learn the next day's lesson, and then, rejoining his comrades, begin the day's pleasure. 4. Friends and Associates, no specific record.

5. Reading. It is reported that by the time he was 15, Jefferson had read all the books in his father's little library, including the works of Addison, Swift, Pope and Shakespeare. From the first time, when as a boy, he had turned off, wearied from play and first found pleasure in books. He had never sat down to idleness.

6. Production and Achievement, no specific record. 7. Evidences of Dicosity. Jefferson's earliest recollections were of his second and third year. At the age of five, he knew the Lord's Prayer, and this he employed on at least one occasion in the hope of achieving a special act of providence. AI IQ 145, Relative Curship Data 0.60

3. Development from 17 to 26 At the age of 17, Thomas Jefferson entered the advanced class at the William and Mary College, and throughout his course he applied himself closely to his studies, maintaining his early interest in languages, and becoming deeply attracted to mathematics. At 19, he started legal study in preparation for practice

and acquired unwell with facility, neatness and order in business. While he continued in this main occupation for years, he did not neglect his athletic or literary accomplishments. He completed his self-directed course at 23 with a capacity for deep, thorough and prolonged study in all branches of knowledge.

At 24, he was received at the bar, and thanks to his erudition and the clarity of his ideas and principles, He made an immediate success of his profession. AIIQ 150, Relative Culture Data 0.75 August Frederick Ferdinand von Kurzbiel, 1761-1819

A German dramatist AIIQ 145, AIIQ 150 1. Family Sterling The Kurzbiels were natives of Brunswick. The father, a councillor of legation, went to Weimar,

as secretarity of the cabinet to the Duchess Anna Amalia. August Frederick said that he owed to his mother his intellectual gifts and the happiest days of his life. For although the daughter of a middle-class Brunswick family, she possessed a refined taste, with correct feelings,

and a mind well cultivated by reading. 2. Development to age 17 1. Interests Young August early developed a taste for reading. Even before his fifth or sixth year,

he was more drawn to his books than to his rocking horse. He showed an early susceptibility to love, and a seven-worded passionate love letter to a lady many years his senior. A period of pious religious enthusiasm occurred a little later, during which little August took much trouble to make sufficient variations in his prayers so that God should not be offended at being put off with the same things every day.

This enthusiasm was, however, extinguished by attendance at church before the lad was 10 or 11. He began to doubt God's omnipotence, when told that he could not create another being greater and more powerful than himself. When some strolling players came to Weimar and produced Klopstock's Death of Adam, the boy was taken to see the performance by his uncle, the distinguished Masius. Although he was then so small that he had to stand on the bench to see over the heads of the others,

he was stunned with delight and wanted some new mode of expression coined to make his feelings articulate. Not long after this occasion, a regular theatre was instituted at Weimar, whose stage company, one of the best in Germany, included the immortal Eikhoff. Young Kotzebue attended whenever he could obtain permission, and was perhaps the most attentive spectator. Lessing's Emilia Gelotti, which he could repeat by heart, without ever having seen the book, and Engel's Grateful Son became favourite plays, which August persuaded his companions to perform, he himself taking alternately every role.

pantomimic ballads performed in superb style were a great delight to him and these two were imitated at home in a little puppet theatre during college days at dinner he began to take part in amateur theatricals and in these women's parts were frequently allotted to him on account of his youth From his seventh year, he was fond of writing verses and continued through his college days to forge rhymes. As a boy, Kotzebue was an ardent sportsman. It tells us that he had girth his permission to make snares for birds in the poet's yard. At Jenner, when he joined in the usual student activities,

he fought his duels with a bravado that is said to have distinguished him from the rest. 2. Education His father died when August was two, and therefore his mother devoted himself to the education of her children. she engaged as tutors young divines but these proved to be mediocre teachers who insisted on long hours of drudging at such works as langdon's colloquies and luther's cauchisms thus merely teaching the parish to

frau kotzbueh herself taught the child to feel and early instilled in him a taste for reading he began to learn french in his childhood and madame louvel a french governess introduced him to madame de billmont's works August entered the gymnasium at Weimar in the third class, and there began to learn Hebrew. In the second class, he, with the others, began to learn the art of making Latin verses. Out of the tutorship of his uncle Marcius, at this time special instructor in the gymnasium, he was exercised in letter writing, and once a week in poetry, in which composition was voluntary.

In the highest class, the scholar Heinz inspired his pupils with a taste for the Latin language, reading Terence aloud with a masterly manner. but the logic learned from an old scholastic and the dull dry universal history gave the boys an invigorated nausea at 16 quatsbyo became a student at jenna here wadeberg later professor at hemstad was an excellent teacher of horace the worthy old bullet was an admirable french instructor

and signor valenti taught quatsbyo italian three school standing in progress august never pursued his studies with greater acidity. No one made more rapid progress in them than when he was inspired by the hope of having his

diligence rewarded with permission to attend the theatre in the evening. When this magnetic influence was lost through the burning of the theatre, Cotspius sank for a while into extreme apathy

and indolence. If his lessons were interesting, he stayed away to planned plays, or his slightly red romances beneath his cloak.

A journey had quite a great proficiency in French, and as he progressed in his classical studies, the high respect for the Latin tongue that had been gained from Heinz was increased. 4. Friends and Associates Moisius, the well-known professor and writer,

Godspeo's uncle by marriage, not only helped and inspired the boy in school, but out of school hours gave him valuable lessons in taste and morals, so that the boy came insensibly to imitate his worthy mentor's virtues. Fortunately, Morsier knew how to check his nephew's conceit, as well as encourage his genius,

although it is doubtful whether he was as successful in the former endeavour as the latter. Goethe was a frequent visitor at the Kurtzbühel house, and was remembered for his kindness in talking to the lad and extorting him to diligence in his studies. Every word he spoke made a deep impression. Another poet, Klinger, whose honesty and utter temper charmed the boy irresistibly.

was also a frequent guest. 5. Reading Cotspyr used to run away from his playfellows to read undisturbed by the stable door until the sun had set and he could no longer see. The first book that impressed him was a collection of tales from various languages

called Evening Hours, the favourite tale being Romeo and Juliet. This volume was read over and over again. Don Quixote and Sancho Pansar became his companions and remained his favourites until they were placed in his affections by Robertson Crusoe. August was fond of Aesop's fables, and so delighted with the writings of Glium, Wurz, and Hagedorn

that, very early, they became objects of his imitation. With the age of six, he made his first attempt at writing poetry. The images employed were ransacked from all the poets, with whom he was then familiar. Upon reading Gertzwerda, the boy was affected with overpowering emotions and conceived a most enthusiastic attachment to the author.

6. Production and Achievement Corsby had made his first attempt at writing poetry toward the close of his sixth or early in his seventh year. Two of the lines particularly delighted him because they skipped so prettily. For days he puzzled to make all the lines dance with equal agility but in vain. Soon he wrote a comedy filling a whole October page

on the subject of the milkmaid and the two huntsmen. A love letter, C21, written when he was seven, contained expressions and sentiments far above his years. Sometime later, an elegy upon the death of a lovely girl was written with such remarkable feeling that it won immediate success,

and friends suggested that it ought to be printed. Thereupon, Cotspyr experienced a wave of vanity that supplanted all other feeling, even sorrow for the girl. When the theatrical mania came upon him, he influenced his followers to act out every new drama,

and fell in his way. For the puppets and the panoramic ballads, he made a little theatre, first a wax, then a paper, and finally a wood, and set up wires to make the puppets dance.

At the Weimar School, and while in the second class, he wrote a five-act drama on Catanine's Conspiracy, and a comedy called All's Well That Ends Well, which Goethe asked to read. About the same time he took a small part in Goethe's Brethren, performed at a private theatre in Weimar.

While a student at Jenner, he wrote some verses upon the drowning of a fellow student, which were printed and set to music, and this success made him more devoted to the muses than ever. 7. Evidences of Precocity, C216 As a lad, Coatsby showed clear evidence of unusual talents. Unfortunately, his precocity was equalled by his vanity and impudence, which the training of his gifted mother and the poet Mosias did not suffice to check.

AI IQ 145 Relief Cotienter 0.60 3. Development from 17 to 26 At the age of 17, Godspew went to Duisburg University for a year, and immediately on his arrival instituted a private student theatre. Upon the invitation of the convent fathers, plays were given in the convent cloister.

the first of these being the royals. At Duisburg, August continued to write without emitting one spark of originality, and a comedy and a romance confidently sent to a publisher were returned. Returning to Jenner, the youth applied himself to the study of law, but continued to devote his leisure to the private theatre and to composition.

He was more successful now. His plays were acted, and a small volume of his poems was published. With some of his friends he instituted a poetical club, and his meetings of original poems were read and discussed. Kurtzpew was elected to the student fraternity Gramania, a high owner.

Before he was 20 he left Jinnah and returned to Weimar was admitted as an advocate. A history and fragments and a collection of tales were brought out during the summer. Leaving Weimar suddenly, Kurtzpew now served for two years, aged 20 to 22, as secretary to the governor-general at St. Petersburg. During this period a five-act tragedy, Demetrius, Tsar of Moscow, was received

with applause, and her comedy, The Nun and the Chambermaid, was well played and pleased in public. From his 23rd to his 25th year, Cotspil held the office of assessor to the High Court of Appeal in Raval. Here he again established a private theatre, which opened successfully with a play of his

own, in which he took part. At the age of 24, he was ennobled and appointed president of the Magistracy of the province of Estonia. During the year, he wrote a novel which was popular, and over some months he edited a monthly journal for the mind and heart.

At 26, a serious illness threatened his life, but in an ensuing state of malign quality, he wrote one of his two best-known works, Mentionhass and De Rue. A.I.I.I.Q. 150 Relative Coastal Data .60 End of section 27